System and method for a multi-primary wide gamut color system

ABSTRACT

The present invention includes systems and methods for a multi-primary color system for display. A multi-primary color system increases the number of primary colors available in a color system and color system equipment. Increasing the number of primary colors reduces metameric errors from viewer to viewer. One embodiment of the multi-primary color system includes Red, Green, Blue, Cyan, Yellow, and Magenta primaries. The systems of the present invention maintain compatibility with existing color systems and equipment and provide systems for backwards compatibility with older color systems.

CROSS REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.17/516,143, filed Nov. 1, 2021, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.application Ser. No. 17/338,357, filed Jun. 3, 2021, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 17/225,734, filed Apr.8, 2021, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.17/076,383, filed Oct. 21, 2020, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.application Ser. No. 17/009,408, filed Sep. 1, 2020, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/887,807, filed May29, 2020, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No.16/860,769, filed Apr. 28, 2020, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.application Ser. No. 16/853,203, filed Apr. 20, 2020, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/831,157,filed Mar. 26, 2020, which is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 16/659,307, filed Oct. 21, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,607,527,which is related to and claims priority from U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/876,878, filed Jul. 22, 2019, U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/847,630, filed May 14, 2019, U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 62/805,705, filed Feb. 14, 2019, and U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 62/750,673, filed Oct. 25, 2018, each of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to color systems, and more specifically toa wide gamut color system with an increased number of primary colors.

2. Description of the Prior Art

It is generally known in the prior art to provide for an increased colorgamut system within a display.

Prior art patent documents include the following:

U.S. Pat. No. 10,222,263 for RGB value calculation device by inventorYasuyuki Shigezane, filed Feb. 6, 2017 and issued Mar. 5, 2019, isdirected to a microcomputer that equally divides the circumference of anRGB circle into 6×n (n is an integer of 1 or more) parts, and calculatesan RGB value of each divided color. (255, 0, 0) is stored as a referenceRGB value of a reference color in a ROM in the microcomputer. Themicrocomputer converts the reference RGB value depending on an angulardifference of the RGB circle between a designated color whose RGB valueis to be found and the reference color, and assumes the converted RGBvalue as an RGB value of the designated color.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,373,305 for Semiconductor device, image processingsystem and program by inventor Hiorfumi Kawaguchi, filed May 29, 2015and issued Jun. 21, 2016, is directed to an image process deviceincluding a display panel operable to provide an input interface forreceiving an input of an adjustment value of at least a part of colorattributes of each vertex of n axes (n is an integer equal to or greaterthan 3) serving as adjustment axes in an RGB color space, and anadjustment data generation unit operable to calculate the degree ofinfluence indicative of a following index of each of the n-axisvertices, for each of the n axes, on a basis of distance between each ofthe n-axis vertices and a target point which is an arbitrary latticepoint in the RGB color space, and operable to calculate adjustedcoordinates of the target point in the RGB color space.

U.S. Publication No. 20130278993 for Color-mixing bi-primary colorsystems for displays by inventors Heikenfeld, et al., filed Sep. 1, 2011and published Oct. 24, 2013, is directed to a display pixel. The pixelincludes first and second substrates arranged to define a channel. Afluid is located within the channel and includes a first colorant and asecond colorant. The first colorant has a first charge and a color. Thesecond colorant has a second charge that is opposite in polarity to thefirst charge and a color that is complimentary to the color of the firstcolorant. A first electrode, with a voltage source, is operably coupledto the fluid and configured to moving one or both of the first andsecond colorants within the fluid and alter at least one spectralproperty of the pixel.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,599,226 for Device and method of data conversion forwide gamut displays by inventors Ben-Chorin, et al., filed Feb. 13, 2012and issued Dec. 3, 2013, is directed to a method and system forconverting color image data from a, for example, three-dimensional colorspace format to a format usable by an n-primary display, wherein n isgreater than or equal to 3. The system may define a two-dimensionalsub-space having a plurality of two-dimensional positions, each positionrepresenting a set of n primary color values and a third, scaleablecoordinate value for generating an n-primary display input signal.Furthermore, the system may receive a three-dimensional color spaceinput signal including out-of range pixel data not reproducible by athree-primary additive display, and may convert the data to side gamutcolor image pixel data suitable for driving the wide gamut colordisplay.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,081,835 for Multiprimary color sub-pixel rendering withmetameric filtering by inventors Elliott, et al., filed Jul. 13, 2010and issued Dec. 20, 2011, is directed to systems and methods ofrendering image data to multiprimary displays that adjusts image dataacross metamers as herein disclosed. The metamer filtering may be basedupon input image content and may optimize sub-pixel values to improveimage rendering accuracy or perception. The optimizations may be madeaccording to many possible desired effects. One embodiment comprises adisplay system comprising: a display, said display capable of selectingfrom a set of image data values, said set comprising at least onemetamer; an input image data unit; a spatial frequency detection unit,said spatial frequency detection unit extracting a spatial frequencycharacteristic from said input image data; and a selection unit, saidunit selecting image data from said metamer according to said spatialfrequency characteristic.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,916,939 for High brightness wide gamut display byinventors Roth, et al., filed Nov. 30, 2009 and issued Mar. 29, 2011, isdirected to a device to produce a color image, the device including acolor filtering arrangement to produce at least four colors, each colorproduced by a filter on a color filtering mechanism having a relativesegment size, wherein the relative segment sizes of at least two of theprimary colors differ.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,769,772 for Six color display apparatus having increasedcolor gamut by inventors Roddy, et al., filed Oct. 11, 2002 and issuedAug. 3, 2004, is directed to a display system for digital color imagesusing six color light sources or two or more multicolor LED arrays orOLEDs to provide an expanded color gamut. Apparatus uses two or morespatial light modulators, which may be cycled between two or more colorlight sources or LED arrays to provide a six-color display output.Pairing of modulated colors using relative luminance helps to minimizeflicker effects.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of this invention to provide an enhancement to thecurrent RGB systems or a replacement for them.

In one embodiment, the present invention includes a system fordisplaying image data, including at least one imaging system includingat least one image sensor, an image data converter, wherein the imagedata converter includes a digital interface, and a display system,wherein the at least one imaging system and the image data converter arein communication, wherein the image data converter and the displaysystem are in communication, wherein the at least one imaging system isoperable to acquire image sensor data, wherein the image data converteris operable to render the image sensor data, thereby creating the imagedata, wherein the image data includes a luminance and two colorimetriccoordinates, and wherein the two colorimetric coordinates areindependent from the luminance, wherein the image data converter isoperable to apply at least one non-linear transfer function to theluminance, thereby creating a luma, wherein the image data converter isoperable to convert the set of image data for display on the displaysystem, and wherein the display system is operable to display the imagedata.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes an apparatus fordisplaying image data, including at least one imaging system includingat least one image sensor, an image data converter, wherein the imagedata converter includes a digital interface, and a display system,wherein the at least one imaging system and the image data converter arein wired communication, wherein the image data converter and the displaysystem are in wired communication, wherein the at least one imagingsystem is operable to acquire image sensor data, wherein the image dataconverter is operable to render the image sensor data, thereby creatingthe image data, wherein the image data includes a luminance and twocolorimetric coordinates, and wherein the two colorimetric coordinatesare independent from the luminance, wherein the image data converter isoperable to apply at least one non-linear transfer function to theluminance, thereby creating a luma, wherein the image data converter isoperable to convert the image data for display on the display system,and wherein the display system is operable to display the image data.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention includes a method fordisplaying image data, including at least one imaging system acquiringimage sensor data, wherein the at least one imaging system includes atleast one image sensor, an image data converter rendering the imagesensor data, thereby creating the image data, the image data including aluminance and two colorimetric coordinates, wherein the two colorimetriccoordinates are independent from the luminance, the image data converterapplying at least one non-linear transfer function to the luminance,thereby creating a luma, the image data converter converting the imagedata for display on a display system, and the display system displayingthe image data, wherein the at least one imaging system and the imagedata converter are in wired communication, and wherein the image dataconverter and the display system are in wired communication.

These and other aspects of the present invention will become apparent tothose skilled in the art after a reading of the following description ofthe preferred embodiment when considered with the drawings, as theysupport the claimed invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed incolor. Copies of this patent or patent application publication withcolor drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and paymentof the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a six primary system including ared primary, a green primary, a blue primary, a cyan primary, a magentaprimary, and a yellow primary (“6P-B”) compared to ITU-R BT.709-6.

FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of a six primary system includinga red primary, a green primary, a blue primary, a cyan primary, amagenta primary, and a yellow primary (“6P-C”) compared to Society ofMotion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) RP431-2 for a D60 whitepoint.

FIG. 3 illustrates yet another embodiment of a six primary systemincluding a red primary, a green primary, a blue primary, a cyanprimary, a magenta primary, and a yellow primary (“6P-C”) compared toSMPTE RP431-2 for a D65 white point.

FIG. 4 illustrates Super 6Pa compared to 6P-C.

FIG. 5 illustrates Super 6Pb compared to Super 6Pa and 6P-C.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of an encode and decode system for amulti-primary color system.

FIG. 7 illustrates a sequential method where three color primaries arepassed to the transport format as full bit level image data and insertedas normal (“System 2”).

FIG. 8A illustrates one embodiment of a quadrature method (“System 2A”).

FIG. 8B illustrates another embodiment of a quadrature method (“System2A”).

FIG. 8C illustrates yet another embodiment of a quadrature method(“System 2A”).

FIG. 9A illustrates an embodiment of a stereo quadrature method (“System2A”).

FIG. 9B illustrates another embodiment of a stereo quadrature method(“System 2A”).

FIG. 9C illustrates yet another embodiment of a stereo quadrature method(“System 2A”).

FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of a system encode and decode processusing a dual link method (“System 3”).

FIG. 11 illustrates one embodiment of an encoding process using a duallink method.

FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment of a decoding process using a duallink method.

FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy encode with an OETF.

FIG. 14 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy encode without an OETF.

FIG. 15 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy decode with anelectro-optical transfer function (EOTF).

FIG. 16 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy decode without an EOTF.

FIG. 17 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2 Yxy encode with an OETF.

FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2 Yxy encode without anOETF.

FIG. 19 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:4:4 Yxy encode with an OETF.

FIG. 20 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:4:4 Yxy encode without anOETF.

FIG. 21 illustrates sample placements of Yxy system components for a4:2:2 pixel mapping.

FIG. 22 illustrates sample placements of Yxy system components for a4:2:0 pixel mapping.

FIG. 23 illustrates one embodiment of a SMPTE ST292 Yxy system mapping.

FIG. 24 illustrates one embodiment of a SMPTE ST2082 Yxy system mapping.

FIG. 25 illustrates one embodiment of Yxy inserted into a ConsumerTechnology Association (CTA) 861 stream.

FIG. 26 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy decode with an EOTF.

FIG. 27 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy decode without an EOTF.

FIG. 28A illustrates one embodiment of an IPT 4:4:4 encode.

FIG. 28B illustrates one embodiment of an IPT 4:4:4 decode.

FIG. 29A illustrates one embodiment of an ICTCP 4:2:2 encode.

FIG. 29B illustrates one embodiment of an ICTCP 4:2:2 decode.

FIG. 30 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system encodeusing a 4:4:4 sampling method.

FIG. 31 illustrates one embodiment for a method to package six channelsof primary information into the three standard primary channels used incurrent serial video standards by modifying bit numbers for a 12-bitSerial Digital Interface (SDI) and a 10-bit SDI.

FIG. 32 illustrates a simplified diagram estimating perceived viewersensation as code values define each hue angle.

FIG. 33 illustrates one embodiment for a method of stacking/encodingsix-primary color information using a 4:4:4 video system.

FIG. 34 illustrates one embodiment for a method of unstacking/decodingsix-primary color information using a 4:4:4 video system.

FIG. 35 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:4:4 decoder for a six-primarycolor system.

FIG. 36 illustrates one embodiment of an optical filter.

FIG. 37 illustrates another embodiment of an optical filter.

FIG. 38 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention for sendingsix primary colors to a standardized transport format.

FIG. 39 illustrates one embodiment of a decode process adding a pixeldelay to the RGB data for realigning the channels to a common pixeltiming.

FIG. 40 illustrates one embodiment of an encode process for 4:2:2 videofor packaging five channels of information into the standardthree-channel designs.

FIG. 41 illustrates one embodiment for a non-constant luminance encodefor a six-primary color system.

FIG. 42 illustrates one embodiment of a packaging process for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 43 illustrates a 4:2:2 unstack process for a six-primary colorsystem.

FIG. 44 illustrates one embodiment of a process to inversely quantizeeach individual color and pass the data through an electronic opticalfunction transfer (EOTF) in a non-constant luminance system.

FIG. 45 illustrates one embodiment of a constant luminance encode for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 46 illustrates one embodiment of a constant luminance decode for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 47 illustrates one example of 4:2:2 non-constant luminanceencoding.

FIG. 48 illustrates one embodiment of a non-constant luminance decodingsystem.

FIG. 49 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2 constant luminanceencoding system.

FIG. 50 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2 constant luminancedecoding system.

FIG. 51 illustrates a raster encoding diagram of sample placements for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 52 illustrates one embodiment of the six-primary color unstackprocess in a 4:2:2 video system.

FIG. 53 illustrates one embodiment of mapping input to the six-primarycolor system unstack process.

FIG. 54 illustrates one embodiment of mapping the output of asix-primary color system decoder.

FIG. 55 illustrates one embodiment of mapping the RGB decode for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 56 illustrates one embodiment of an unstack system for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 57 illustrates one embodiment of a legacy RGB decoder for asix-primary, non-constant luminance system.

FIG. 58 illustrates one embodiment of a legacy RGB decoder for asix-primary, constant luminance system.

FIG. 59 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system withoutput to a legacy RGB system.

FIG. 60 illustrates one embodiment of six-primary color output using anon-constant luminance decoder.

FIG. 61 illustrates one embodiment of a legacy RGB process within asix-primary color system.

FIG. 62 illustrates one embodiment of packing six-primary color systemimage data into an ICTCp (ITP) format.

FIG. 63 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color systemconverting RGBCMY image data into XYZ image data for an ITP format.

FIG. 64 illustrates one embodiment of six-primary color mapping withSMPTE ST424.

FIG. 65 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system readoutfor a SMPTE ST424 standard.

FIG. 66 illustrates a process of 2160p transport over 12G-SDI.

FIG. 67 illustrates one embodiment for mapping RGBCMY data to the SMPTEST2082 standard for a six-primary color system.

FIG. 68 illustrates one embodiment for mapping Y_(RGB) Y_(CMY) C_(R)C_(B) C_(C) C_(Y) data to the SMPTE ST2082 standard for a six-primarycolor system.

FIG. 69 illustrates one embodiment for mapping six-primary color systemdata using the SMPTE ST292 standard.

FIG. 70 illustrates one embodiment of the readout for a six-primarycolor system using the SMPTE ST292 standard.

FIG. 71 illustrates modifications to the SMPTE ST352 standards for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 72 illustrates modifications to the SMPTE ST2022 standard for asix-primary color system.

FIG. 73 illustrates a table of 4:4:4 sampling for a six-primary colorsystem for a 10-bit video system.

FIG. 74 illustrates a table of 4:4:4 sampling for a six-primary colorsystem for a 12-bit video system.

FIG. 75 illustrates sequence substitutions for 10-bit and 12-bit videoin 4:2:2 sampling systems in a Y Cb Cr Cc Cy color space.

FIG. 76 illustrates sample placements of six-primary system componentsfor a 4:2:2 sampling system image.

FIG. 77 illustrates sequence substitutions for 10-bit and 12-bit videoin 4:2:0 sampling systems using a Y Cb Cr Cc Cy color space.

FIG. 78 illustrates sample placements of six-primary system componentsfor a 4:2:0 sampling system image.

FIG. 79 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 10-bitsix-primary color system in 4:4:4 video.

FIG. 80 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 12-bitsix-primary color system in 4:4:4 video.

FIG. 81 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 10-bit sixprimary color system in 4:2:2 video.

FIG. 82 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 12-bitsix-primary color system in 4:2:0 video.

FIG. 83 illustrates an RGB sampling transmission for a 4:4:4 samplingsystem.

FIG. 84 illustrates a RGBCMY sampling transmission for a 4:4:4 samplingsystem.

FIG. 85 illustrates an example of System 2 to RGBCMY 4:4:4 transmission.

FIG. 86 illustrates a Y Cb Cr sampling transmission using a 4:2:2sampling system.

FIG. 87 illustrates a Y Cr Cb Cc Cy sampling transmission using a 4:2:2sampling system.

FIG. 88 illustrates an example of a System 2 to Y Cr Cb Cc Cy 4:2:2Transmission as non-constant luminance.

FIG. 89 illustrates a Y Cb Cr sampling transmission using a 4:2:0sampling system.

FIG. 90 illustrates a Y Cr Cb Cc Cy sampling transmission using a 4:2:0sampling system.

FIG. 91 illustrates a dual stack LCD projection system for a six-primarycolor system.

FIG. 92 illustrates one embodiment of a single projector.

FIG. 93 illustrates a six-primary color system using a single projectorand reciprocal mirrors.

FIG. 94 illustrates a dual stack DMD projection system for a six-primarycolor system.

FIG. 95 illustrates one embodiment of a single DMD projector solution.

FIG. 96 illustrates one embodiment of a color filter array for asix-primary color system with a white OLED monitor.

FIG. 97 illustrates one embodiment of an optical filter array for asix-primary color system with a white OLED monitor.

FIG. 98 illustrates one embodiment of a matrix of an LCD drive for asix-primary color system with a backlight illuminated LCD monitor.

FIG. 99 illustrates one embodiment of an optical filter array for asix-primary color system with a backlight illuminated LCD monitor.

FIG. 100 illustrates an array for a Quantum Dot (QD) display device.

FIG. 101 illustrates one embodiment of an array for a six-primary colorsystem for use with a direct emissive assembled display.

FIG. 102 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system in anemissive display that does not incorporate color filtered subpixels.

FIG. 103 illustrates one embodiment of a ½ gamma function.

FIG. 104 illustrates a graph of maximum quantizing error using the ½gamma function.

FIG. 105 illustrates one embodiment of an encoder.

FIG. 106 illustrates one embodiment of a decoder.

FIG. 107 illustrates one embodiment of a display engine operable tointeract with a graphics processing unit (GPU) according to the presentinvention.

FIG. 108 illustrates one embodiment of a ⅓ gamma function.

FIG. 109 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the inventionillustrating a computer system.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is generally directed to a multi-primary colorsystem.

In one embodiment, the present invention includes a system fordisplaying image data, including at least one imaging system includingat least one image sensor, an image data converter, wherein the imagedata converter includes a digital interface, and a display system,wherein the at least one imaging system and the image data converter arein communication, wherein the image data converter and the displaysystem are in communication, wherein the at least one imaging system isoperable to acquire image sensor data, wherein the image data converteris operable to render the image sensor data, thereby creating the imagedata, wherein the image data includes a luminance and two colorimetriccoordinates, and wherein the two colorimetric coordinates areindependent from the luminance, wherein the image data converter isoperable to apply at least one non-linear transfer function to theluminance, thereby creating a luma, wherein the image data converter isoperable to convert the set of image data for display on the displaysystem, and wherein the display system is operable to display the imagedata.

In another embodiment, the present invention includes an apparatus fordisplaying image data, including at least one imaging system includingat least one image sensor, an image data converter, wherein the imagedata converter includes a digital interface, and a display system,wherein the at least one imaging system and the image data converter arein wired communication, wherein the image data converter and the displaysystem are in wired communication, wherein the at least one imagingsystem is operable to acquire image sensor data, wherein the image dataconverter is operable to render the image sensor data, thereby creatingthe image data, wherein the image data includes a luminance and twocolorimetric coordinates, and wherein the two colorimetric coordinatesare independent from the luminance, wherein the image data converter isoperable to apply at least one non-linear transfer function to theluminance, thereby creating a luma, wherein the image data converter isoperable to convert the image data for display on the display system,and wherein the display system is operable to display the image data.

In yet another embodiment, the present invention includes a method fordisplaying image data, including at least one imaging system acquiringimage sensor data, wherein the at least one imaging system includes atleast one image sensor, an image data converter rendering the imagesensor data, thereby creating the image data, the image data including aluminance and two colorimetric coordinates, wherein the two colorimetriccoordinates are independent from the luminance, the image data converterapplying at least one non-linear transfer function to the luminance,thereby creating a luma, the image data converter converting the imagedata for display on a display system, and the display system displayingthe image data, wherein the at least one imaging system and the imagedata converter are in wired communication, and wherein the image dataconverter and the display system are in wired communication.

The present invention relates to color systems. A multitude of colorsystems are known, but they continue to suffer numerous issues. Asimaging technology is moving forward, there has been a significantinterest in expanding the range of colors that are replicated onelectronic displays. Enhancements to the television system have expandedfrom the early CCM 601 standard to ITU-R BT.709-6, to SMPTE RP431-2, andITU-R BT.2020. Each one has increased the gamut of visible colors byexpanding the distance from the reference white point to the position ofthe Red (R), Green (G), and Blue (B) color primaries (collectively knownas “RGB”) in chromaticity space. While this approach works, it hasseveral disadvantages. When implemented in content presentation, issuesarise due to the technical methods used to expand the gamut of colorsseen (typically using a more-narrow emissive spectrum) can result inincreased viewer metameric errors and require increased power due tolower illumination source. These issues increase both capital andoperational costs.

With the current available technologies, displays are limited in respectto their range of color and light output. There are many misconceptionsregarding how viewers interpret the display output technically versusreal-world sensations viewed with the human eye. The reason we see morethan just the three emitting primary colors is because the eye combinesthe spectral wavelengths incident on it into the three bands. Humansinterpret the radiant energy (spectrum and amplitude) from a display andprocess it so that an individual color is perceived. The display doesnot emit a color or a specific wavelength that directly relates to thesensation of color. It simply radiates energy at the same spectrum whichhumans sense as light and color. It is the observer who interprets thisenergy as color.

When the CIE 2° standard observer was established in 1931, commonunderstanding of color sensation was that the eye used red, blue, andgreen cone receptors (James Maxwell & James Forbes 1855). Later with theMunsell vision model (Munsell 1915), Munsell described the vision systemto include three separate components: luminance, hue, and saturation.Using RGB emitters or filters, these three primary colors are thecomponents used to produce images on today's modern electronic displays.

There are three primary physical variables that affect sensation ofcolor. These are the spectral distribution of radiant energy as it isabsorbed into the retina, the sensitivity of the eye in relation to theintensity of light landing on the retinal pigment epithelium, and thedistribution of cones within the retina. The distribution of cones(e.g., L cones, M cones, and S cones) varies considerably from person toperson.

Enhancements in brightness have been accomplished through largerbacklights or higher efficiency phosphors. Encoding of higher dynamicranges is addressed using higher range, more perceptually uniformelectro-optical transfer functions to support these enhancements tobrightness technology, while wider color gamuts are produced by usingnarrow bandwidth emissions. Narrower bandwidth emitters result in theviewer experiencing higher color saturation. But there can be adisconnect between how saturation is produced and how it is controlled.What is believed to occur when changing saturation is that increasingcolor values of a color primary represents an increase to saturation.This is not true, as changing saturation requires the variance of acolor primary spectral output as parametric. There are no variablespectrum displays available to date as the technology to do so has notbeen commercially developed, nor has the new infrastructure required tosupport this been discussed.

Instead, the method that a display changes for viewer color sensation isby changing color luminance. As data values increase, the color primarygets brighter. Changes to color saturation are accomplished by varyingthe brightness of all three primaries and taking advantage of thedominant color theory.

Expanding color primaries beyond RGB has been discussed before. Therehave been numerous designs of multi-primary displays. For example, SHARPhas attempted this with their four-color QUATTRON TV systems by adding ayellow color primary and developing an algorithm to drive it. Anotherfour primary color display was proposed by Matthew Brennesholtz whichincluded an additional cyan primary, and a six primary display wasdescribed by Yan Xiong, Fei Deng, Shan Xu, and Sufang Gao of the Schoolof Physics and Optoelectric Engineering at the Yangtze UniversityJingzhou China. In addition, AU OPTRONICS has developed a five primarydisplay technology. SONY has also recently disclosed a camera designfeaturing RGBCMY (red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, and yellow) andRGBCMYW (red, green, blue cyan, magenta, yellow, and white) sensors.

Actual working displays have been shown publicly as far back as the late1990's, including samples from Tokyo Polytechnic University, Nagoya CityUniversity, and Genoa Technologies. However, all of these systems areexclusive to their displays, and any additional color primaryinformation is limited to the display's internal processing.

Additionally, the Visual Arts System for Archiving and Retrieval ofImages (VASARI) project developed a colorimetric scanner system fordirect digital imaging of paintings. The system provides more accuratecoloring than conventional film, allowing it to replace filmphotography. Despite the project beginning in 1989, technicaldevelopments have continued.

None of the prior art discloses developing additional color primaryinformation outside of the display. Moreover, the system driving thedisplay is often proprietary to the demonstration. In each of theseexecutions, nothing in the workflow is included to acquire or generateadditional color primary information. The development of a multi-primarycolor system is not complete if the only part of the system thatsupports the added primaries is within the display itself.

Referring now to the drawings in general, the illustrations are for thepurpose of describing one or more preferred embodiments of the inventionand are not intended to limit the invention thereto.

Additional details about multi-primary systems are available in U.S.Pat. Nos. 10,607,527; 10,950,160; 10,950,161; 10,950,162; 10,997,896;11,011,098; 11,017,708; 11,030,934; 11,037,480; 11,037,481; 11,037,482;11,043,157; 11,049,431; 11,062,638; 11,062,639; 11,069,279; 11,069,280;and 11,100,838 and U.S. Publication Nos. 20200251039, 20210233454, and20210209990, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

Traditional displays include three primaries: red, green, and blue. Themulti-primary systems of the present invention include at least fourprimaries. The at least four primaries preferably include at least onered primary, at least one green primary, and/or at least one blueprimary. In one embodiment, the at least four primaries include a cyanprimary, a magenta primary, and/or a yellow primary. In one embodiment,the at least four primaries include at least one white primary.

In one embodiment, the multi-primary system includes six primaries. Inone preferred embodiment, the six primaries include a red (R) primary, agreen (G) primary, a blue (B) primary, a cyan (C) primary, a magenta (M)primary, and a yellow (Y) primary, often referred to as “RGBCMY”.However, the systems and methods of the present invention are notrestricted to RGBCMY, and alternative primaries are compatible with thepresent invention.

6P-B

6P-B is a color set that uses the same RGB values that are defined inthe ITU-R BT.709-6 television standard. The gamut includes these RGBprimary colors and then adds three more color primaries orthogonal tothese based on the white point. The white point used in 6P-B is D65 (ISO11664-2).

In one embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 609 nm,the yellow primary has a dominant wavelength of 571 nm, the greenprimary has a dominant wavelength of 552 nm, the cyan primary has adominant wavelength of 491 nm, and the blue primary has a dominantwavelength of 465 nm as shown in Table 1. In one embodiment, thedominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the valuelisted in the table below. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength iswithin ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yet anotherembodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the value listed inthe table below.

TABLE 1 x y u′ v′

W (D65) 0.3127 0.3290 0.1978 0.4683 R 0.6400 0.3300 0.4507 0.5228 609 nmG 0.3000 0.6000 0.1250 0.5625 552 nm B 0.1500 0.0600 0.1754 0.1578 464nm C 0.1655 0.3270 0.1041 0.4463 491 nm M 0.3221 0.1266 0.3325 0.2940 Y0.4400 0.5395 0.2047 0.5649 571 nm

FIG. 1 illustrates 6P-B compared to ITU-R BT.709-6.

6P-C

6P-C is based on the same RGB primaries defined in SMPTE RP431-2projection recommendation. Each gamut includes these RGB primary colorsand then adds three more color primaries orthogonal to these based onthe white point. The white point used in 6P-B is D65 (ISO 11664-2). Twoversions of 6P-C are used. One is optimized for a D60 white point (SMPTEST2065-1), and the other is optimized for a D65 white point. Additionalinformation about white points is available in ISO 11664-2:2007“Colorimetry—Part 2: CIE standard illuminants” published in 2007 and “ST2065-1:2012—SMPTE Standard—Academy Color Encoding Specification (ACES),”in ST 2065-1:2012, pp. 1-23, 17 Apr. 2012, doi:10.5594/SMPTE.ST2065-1.2012, each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

In one embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 615 nm,the yellow primary has a dominant wavelength of 570 nm, the greenprimary has a dominant wavelength of 545 nm, the cyan primary has adominant wavelength of 493 nm, and the blue primary has a dominantwavelength of 465 nm as shown in Table 2. In one embodiment, thedominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the valuelisted in the table below. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength iswithin ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yet anotherembodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the value listed inthe table below.

TABLE 2 x y u′ v′

W (D60) 0.3217 0.3377 0.2008 0.4742 R 0.6800 0.3200 0.4964 0.5256 615 nmG 0.2650 0.6900 0.0980 0.5777 545 nm B 0.1500 0.0600 0.1754 0.1579 465nm C 0.1627 0.3419 0.0960 0.4540 493 nm M 0.3523 0.1423 0.3520 0.3200 Y0.4502 0.5472 0.2078 0.5683 570 nm

FIG. 2 illustrates 6P-C compared to SMPTE RP431-2 for a D60 white point.

In one embodiment, the red primary has a dominant wavelength of 615 nm,the yellow primary has a dominant wavelength of 570 nm, the greenprimary has a dominant wavelength of 545 nm, the cyan primary has adominant wavelength of 423 nm, and the blue primary has a dominantwavelength of 465 nm as shown in Table 3. In one embodiment, thedominant wavelength is approximately (e.g., within ±10%) the valuelisted in the table below. Alternatively, the dominant wavelength iswithin ±5% of the value listed in the table below. In yet anotherembodiment, the dominant wavelength is within ±2% of the value listed inthe table below.

TABLE 3 x y u′ v′

W (D65) 0.3127 0.3290 0.1978 0.4683 R 0.6800 0.3200 0.4964 0.5256 615 nmG 0.2650 0.6900 0.0980 0.5777 545 nm B 0.1500 0.0600 0.1754 0.1579 465nm C 0.1617 0.3327 0.0970 0.4490 492 nm M 0.3383 0.1372 0.3410 0.3110 Y0.4470 0.5513 0.2050 0.5689 570 nm

FIG. 3 illustrates 6P-C compared to SMPTE RP431-2 for a D65 white point.

Super 6P

One of the advantages of ITU-R BT.2020 is that it can include all of thePointer colors and that increasing primary saturation in a six-colorprimary design could also do this. Pointer is described in “The Gamut ofReal Surface Colors”, M. R. Pointer, Published in Colour Research andApplication Volume #5, Issue #3 (1980), which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. However, extending the 6P gamut beyond SMPTERP431-2 (“6P-C”) adds two problems. The first problem is the requirementto narrow the spectrum of the extended primaries. The second problem isthe complexity of designing a backwards compatible system using colorprimaries that are not related to current standards. But in some cases,there is a need to extend the gamut beyond 6P-C and avoid theseproblems. If the goal is to encompass Pointer's data set, then it ispossible to keep most of the 6P-C system and only change the cyan colorprimary position. In one embodiment, the cyan color primary position islocated so that the gamut edge encompasses all of Pointer's data set. Inanother embodiment, the cyan color primary position is a location thatlimits maximum saturation. With 6P-C, cyan is positioned as u′=0.096,v′=0.454. In one embodiment of Super 6P, cyan is moved to u′=0.075,v′=0.430 (“Super 6Pa” (S6Pa)). Advantageously, this creates a new gamutthat covers Pointer's data set almost in its entirety. FIG. 4illustrates Super 6Pa compared to 6P-C.

Table 4 is a table of values for Super 6Pa. The definition of x,y aredescribed in ISO 11664-3:2012/CIE S 014 Part 3, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. The definition of u′,v′ aredescribed in ISO 11664-5:2016/CIE S 014 Part 5, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. λ defines each color primary asdominant color wavelength for RGB and complementary wavelengths CMY.

TABLE 4 x y u′ v′

W (D60) 0.3217 0.3377 0.2008 0.4742 W (D65) 0.3127 0.3290 0.1978 0.4683R 0.6800 0.3200 0.4964 0.5256 615 nm G 0.2650 0.6900 0.0980 0.5777 545nm B 0.1500 0.0600 0.1754 0.1579 465 nm C 0.1211 0.3088 0.0750 0.4300490 nm M 0.3523 0.1423 0.3520 0.3200 Y 0.4502 0.5472 0.2078 0.5683 570nm

In an alternative embodiment, the saturation is expanded on the same hueangle as 6P-C as shown in FIG. 5. Advantageously, this makes backwardcompatibility less complicated. However, this requires much moresaturation (i.e., narrower spectra). In another embodiment of Super 6P,cyan is moved to u′=0.067, v′=0.449 (“Super 6Pb” (S6Pb)). Additionally,FIG. 5 illustrates Super 6Pb compared to Super 6Pa and 6P-C.

Table 5 is a table of values for Super 6Pb. The definition of x,y aredescribed in ISO 11664-3:2012/CIE S 014 Part 3 published in 2012, whichis incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The definition ofu′,v′ are described in ISO 11664-5:2016/CIE S 014 Part 5 published in2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. λdefines each color primary as dominant color wavelength for RGB andcomplementary wavelengths CMY.

TABLE 5 x y u′ v′

W  0.32168  0.33767 0.2008 0.4742 (ACES D60) W (D65) 0.3127 0.32900.1978 0.4683 R 0.6800 0.3200 0.4964 0.5256 615 nm G 0.2650 0.69000.0980 0.5777 545 nm B 0.1500 0.0600 0.1754 0.1579 465 nm C 0.11560.3442 0.0670 0.4490 493 nm M 0.3523 0.1423 0.3520 0.3200 Y 0.45020.5472 0.2078 0.5683 570 nm

In a preferred embodiment, a matrix is created from XYZ values of eachof the primaries. As the XYZ values of the primaries change, the matrixchanges. Additional details about the matrix are described below.

Formatting and Transportation of Multi-Primary Signals

The present invention includes three different methods to format videofor transport: System 1, System 2, and System 3. System 1 is comprisedof an encode and decode system, which can be divided into base encoderand digitation, image data stacking, mapping into the standard datatransport, readout, unstack, and finally image decoding. In oneembodiment, the basic method of this system is to combine opposing colorprimaries within the three standard transport channels and identify themby their code value.

System 2 uses a sequential method where three color primaries are passedto the transport format as full bit level image data and inserted asnormal. The three additional channels are delayed by one pixel and thenplaced into the transport instead of the first colors. This is useful insituations where quantizing artifacts is critical to image performance.In one embodiment, this system is comprised of the six primaries (e.g.,RGB plus a method to delay the CMY colors for injection), imageresolution identification to allow for pixel count synchronization,start of video identification, and RGB Delay.

System 3 utilizes a dual link method where two wires are used. In oneembodiment, a first set of three channels (e.g., RGB) are sent to link Aand a second set of three channels (e.g., CMY) is sent to link B. Oncethey arrive at the image destination, they are recombined.

To transport up to six color components (e.g., four, five, or six),System 1, System 2, or System 3 can be used as described. If four colorcomponents are used, two of the channels are set to 0. If five colorcomponents are used, one of the channels is set to 0. Advantageously,this transportation method works for all primary systems describedherein that include up to six color components.

Comparison of Three Systems

Advantageously, System 1 fits within legacy SDI, CTA, and Ethernettransports. Additionally, System 1 has zero latency processing forconversion to an RGB display. However, System 1 is limited to 11-bitwords.

System 2 is advantageously operable to transport 6 channels using 16-bitwords with no compression. Additionally, System 2 fits within newer SDI,CTA, and Ethernet transport formats. However, System 2 requires doublebit rate speed. For example, a 4K image requires a data rate for an 8KRGB image.

In comparison, System 3 is operable to transport up to 6 channels using16-bit words with compression and at the same data required for aspecific resolution. For example, a data rate for an RGB image is thesame as for a 6P image using System 3. However, System 3 requires a twincable connection within the video system.

Nomenclature

In one embodiment, a standard video nomenclature is used to betterdescribe each system.

R describes red data as linear light (e.g., without a non-linearfunction applied). G describes green data as linear light. B describesblue data as linear light. C describes cyan data as linear light. Mdescribes magenta data as linear light. Y^(c) and/or Y describe yellowdata as linear light.

R′ describes red data as non-linear light (e.g., with a non-linearfunction applied). G′ describes green data as non-linear light. B′describes blue data as non-linear light. C′ describes cyan data asnon-linear light. M′ describes magenta data as non-linear light. Y^(c)′and/or Y′ describe yellow data as non-linear light.

Y₆ describes the luminance sum of RGBCMY data. Y_(RGB) describes aSystem 2 encode that is the linear luminance sum of the RGB data.Y_(CMY) describes a System 2 encode that is the linear luminance sum ofthe CMY data.

C_(R) describes the data value of red after subtracting linear imageluminance. C_(B) describes the data value of blue after subtractinglinear image luminance. C_(C) describes the data value of cyan aftersubtracting linear image luminance. C_(Y) describes the data value ofyellow after subtracting linear image luminance.

Y′_(RGB) describes a System 2 encode that is the nonlinear luminance sumof the RGB data. Y′_(CMY) describes a System 2 encode that is thenonlinear luminance sum of the CMY data. −Y describes the sum of RGBdata subtracted from Y₆.

C′_(R) describes the data value of red after subtracting nonlinear imageluminance. C′_(B) describes the data value of blue after subtractingnonlinear image luminance. C′_(C) describes the data value of cyan aftersubtracting nonlinear image luminance. C′_(Y) describes the data valueof yellow after subtracting nonlinear image luminance.

B+Y describes a System 1 encode that includes either blue or yellowdata. G+M describes a System 1 encode that includes either green ormagenta data. R+C describes a System 1 encode that includes either greenor magenta data.

C_(R)+C_(C) describes a System 1 encode that includes either colordifference data. C_(B)+C_(Y) describes a System 1 encode that includeseither color difference data.

4:4:4 describes full bandwidth sampling of a color in an RGB system.4:4:4:4:4:4 describes full sampling of a color in an RGBCMY system.4:2:2 describes an encode where a full bandwidth luminance channel (Y)is used to carry image detail and the remaining components are halfsampled as a Cb Cr encode. 4:2:2:2:2 describes an encode where a fullbandwidth luminance channel (Y) is used to carry image detail and theremaining components are half sampled as a Cb Cr Cy Cc encode. 4:2:0describes a component system similar to 4:2:2, but where Cr and Cbsamples alternate per line. 4:2:0:2:0 describes a component systemsimilar to 4:2:2, but where Cr, Cb, Cy, and Cc samples alternate perline.

Constant luminance is the signal process where luminance (Y) values arecalculated in linear light. Non-constant luminance is the signal processwhere luminance (Y) values are calculated in nonlinear light.

Deriving Color Components

When using a color difference method (4:2:2), several components needspecific processing so that they can be used in lower frequencytransports. These are derived as:

Y₆^(′) = 0.1063R^(′) + 0.23195Y^(c^(′)) + 0.3576G^(′)0.19685C^(′) + 0.0361B^(′) + 0.0712M^(′)$G_{6}^{\prime} = {{\left( \frac{1}{0.3576Y} \right) - \left( {0.1063R^{\prime}} \right) - \left( {0.0361B^{\prime}} \right) - \left( {0.19685C^{\prime}} \right) - \left( {0.23195Y^{C^{\prime}}} \right) - \left( {0.0712M^{\prime}} \right) - Y^{\prime}} = {Y_{6}^{\prime} - \left( {C^{\prime} + Y^{c^{\prime}} + M^{\prime}} \right)}}$$C_{R}^{\prime} = {{\frac{R^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{1.7874}\mspace{20mu} C_{B}^{\prime}} = {{\frac{B^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{1.9278}\mspace{20mu} C_{C}^{\prime}} = {{\frac{C^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{1.6063}\mspace{20mu} C_{Y}^{\prime}} = \frac{Y^{C^{\prime}} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{1.5361}}}}$$R^{\prime} = {{\frac{C_{R}^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{1.7874}\mspace{20mu} B^{\prime}} = {{\frac{{C_{B}}^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{1.9278}\mspace{20mu} C^{\prime}} = {{\frac{C_{C}^{\prime} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{1.6063}\mspace{20mu} Y^{C^{\prime}}} = \frac{C^{\;_{Y}^{\prime}} - Y_{6}^{\prime}}{1.5361}}}}$

The ratios for Cr, Cb, Cc, and Cy are also valid in linear lightcalculations.

Magenta can be calculated as follows:

$M^{\prime} = {{\frac{B^{\prime} + R^{\prime}}{B^{\prime} \times R^{\prime}}\mspace{20mu}{or}\mspace{20mu} M} = \frac{B + R}{B \times R}}$

System 1

In one embodiment, the multi-primary color system is compatible withlegacy systems. A backwards-compatible multi-primary color system isdefined by a sampling method. In one embodiment, the sampling method is4:4:4. In one embodiment, the sampling method is 4:2:2. In anotherembodiment, the sampling method is 4:2:0. In one embodiment of abackwards compatible multi-primary color system, new encode and decodesystems are divided into the steps of performing base encoding anddigitization, image data stacking, mapping into the standard datatransport, readout, unstacking, and image decoding (“System 1”). In oneembodiment, System 1 combines opposing color primaries within threestandard transport channels and identifies them by their code value. Inone embodiment of a backwards-compatible multi-primary color system, theprocesses are analog processes. In another embodiment of a backwardscompatible multi-primary color system, the processes are digitalprocesses.

In one embodiment, the sampling method for a multi-primary color systemis a 4:4:4 sampling method. Black and white bits are redefined. In oneembodiment, putting black at midlevel within each data word allows theaddition of CMY color data.

FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of an encode and decode system for amulti-primary color system. In one embodiment, the multi-primary colorencode and decode system is divided into a base encoder and digitation,image data stacking, mapping into the standard data transport, readout,unstack, and finally image decoding (“System 1”). In one embodiment, themethod of this system combines opposing color primaries within the threestandard transport channels and identifies them by their code value. Inone embodiment, the encode and decode for a multi-primary color systemare analog-based. In another embodiment, the encode and decode for amulti-primary color system are digital-based. System 1 is designed to becompatible with lower bandwidth systems and allows a maximum of 11 bitsper channel and is limited to sending only three channels of up to sixprimaries at a time. In one embodiment, it does this by using a stackingsystem where either the color channel or the complementary channel isdecoded depending on the bit level of that one channel.

System 2

FIG. 7 illustrates a sequential method where three color primaries arepassed to the transport format as full bit level image data and insertedas normal (“System 2”). The three additional channels are delayed by onepixel and then placed into the transport instead of the first colors.This method is useful in situations where quantizing artifacts iscritical to image performance. In one embodiment, this system iscomprised of six primaries (RGBCMY), a method to delay the CMY colorsfor injection, image resolution identification to all for pixel countsynchronization, start of video identification, RGB delay, and forYCCCCC systems, logic to select the dominant color primary. Theadvantage of System 2 is that full bit level video can be transported,but at double the normal data rate.

System 2A

System 2 sequences on a pixel to pixel basis. However, a quadraturemethod is also possible (“System 2A”) that is operable to transport sixprimaries in stereo or twelve primary image information. Each quadrantof the frame contains three color primary data sets. These are combinedin the display. A first set of three primaries is displayed in the upperleft quadrant, a second set of three primaries is displayed in the upperright quadrant, a third set of primaries is displayed in the lower leftquadrant, and a fourth set of primaries is displayed in lower rightquadrant. In one embodiment, the first set of three primaries, thesecond set of three primaries, the third set of three primaries, and thefourth set of three primaries do not contain any overlapping primaries(i.e., twelve different primaries). Alternatively, the first set ofthree primaries, the second set of three primaries, the third set ofthree primaries, and the fourth set of three primaries containoverlapping primaries (i.e., at least one primary is contained in morethan one set of three primaries). In one embodiment, the first set ofthree primaries and the third set of three primaries contain the sameprimaries and the second set of three primaries and the fourth set ofthree primaries contain the same primaries.

FIG. 8A illustrates one embodiment of a quadrature method (“System 2A”).In the example shown in FIG. 8A, a first set of three primaries (e.g.,RGB) is displayed in the upper left quadrant, a second set of threeprimaries (e.g., CMY) is displayed in the upper right quadrant, a thirdset of three primaries (e.g., GC, BM, and RY) is displayed in the lowerleft quadrant, and a fourth set of three primaries (e.g., MR, YG, andCB) is displayed in the lower right quadrant. Although the example shownin FIG. 8A illustrates a backwards compatible 12P system, this is merelyfor illustrative purposes. The present invention is not limited to thetwelve primaries shown in FIG. 8A. Additionally, alternative pixelarrangements are compatible with the present invention.

FIG. 8B illustrates another embodiment of a quadrature method (“System2A”). In the example shown in FIG. 8B, a first set of three primaries(e.g., RGB) is displayed in the upper left quadrant, a second set ofthree primaries (e.g., CMY) is displayed in the upper right quadrant, athird set of three primaries (e.g., GC, BM, and RY) is displayed in thelower left quadrant, and a fourth set of three primaries (e.g., MR, YG,and CB) is displayed in the lower right quadrant. Although the exampleshown in FIG. 8B illustrates a backwards compatible 12P system, this ismerely for illustrative purposes. The present invention is not limitedto the twelve primaries shown in FIG. 8B. Additionally, alternativepixel arrangements are compatible with the present invention.

FIG. 8C illustrates yet another embodiment of a quadrature method(“System 2A”). In the example shown in FIG. 8C, a first set of threeprimaries (e.g., RGB) is displayed in the upper left quadrant, a secondset of three primaries (e.g., CMY) is displayed in the upper rightquadrant, a third set of three primaries (e.g., GC, BM, and RY) isdisplayed in the lower left quadrant, and a fourth set of threeprimaries (e.g., MR, YG, and CB) is displayed in the lower rightquadrant. Although the example shown in FIG. 8C illustrates a backwardscompatible 12P system, this is merely for illustrative purposes. Thepresent invention is not limited to the twelve primaries shown in FIG.8C. Additionally, alternative pixel arrangements are compatible with thepresent invention.

FIG. 9A illustrates an embodiment of a quadrature method (“System 2A”)in stereo. In the example shown in FIG. 9A, a first set of threeprimaries (e.g., RGB) is displayed in the upper left quadrant, a secondset of three primaries (e.g., CMY) is displayed in the upper rightquadrant, a third set of three primaries (e.g., RGB) is displayed in thelower left quadrant, and a fourth set of three primaries (e.g., CMY) isdisplayed in the lower right quadrant. This embodiment allows forseparation of the left eye with the first set of three primaries and thesecond set of three primaries and the right eye with the third set ofthree primaries and the fourth set of three primaries. Alternatively, afirst set of three primaries (e.g., RGB) is displayed in the upper leftquadrant, a second set of three primaries (e.g., RGB) is displayed inthe upper right quadrant, a third set of three primaries (e.g., CMY) isdisplayed in the lower left quadrant, and a fourth set of threeprimaries (e.g., CMY) is displayed in the lower right quadrant.Alternative pixel arrangements and primaries are compatible with thepresent invention.

FIG. 9B illustrates another embodiment of a quadrature method (“System2A”) in stereo. Alternative pixel arrangements and primaries arecompatible with the present invention.

FIG. 9C illustrates yet another embodiment of a quadrature method(“System 2A”) in stereo. Alternative pixel arrangements and primariesare compatible with the present invention.

Advantageously, System 2A allows for the ability to display multipleprimaries (e.g., 12P and 6P) on a conventional monitor. Additionally,System 2A allows for a simplistic viewing of false color, which isuseful in the production process and allows for visualizingrelationships between colors. It also allows for display of multipleprojectors (e.g., a first projector, a second projector, a thirdprojector, and a fourth projector).

System 3

FIG. 10 illustrates one embodiment of a system encode and decode processusing a dual link method (“System 3”). System 3 utilizes a dual linkmethod where two wires are used. In one embodiment, RGB is sent to linkA and CMY is sent to link B. After arriving at the image destination,the two links are recombined. Alternative primaries are compatible withthe present invention.

System 3 is simpler and more straight forward than Systems 1 and 2. Theadvantage with this system is that adoption is simply to format non-RGBprimaries (e.g., CMY) on a second link. In one example, for an SDIdesign, RGB is sent on a standard SDI stream just as it is currentlydone. There is no modification to the transport and this link isoperable to be sent to any RGB display requiring only the compensationfor the luminance difference because the non-RGB (e.g., CMY) componentsare not included. Data for the non-RGB primaries (e.g., CMY data) istransported in the same manner as RGB data. This data is then combinedin the display to make up a 6P image. The downside is that the systemrequires two wires to move one image. This system is operable to workwith most any format including SMPTE ST292, 424, 2082, and 2110. It alsois operable to work with dual High-Definition Multimedia Interface(HDMI)/CTA connections. In one embodiment, the system includes at leastone transfer function (e.g., OETF, EOTF).

FIG. 11 illustrates one embodiment of an encoding process using a duallink method. Alternative numbers of primaries and alternative primariesare compatible with the present invention.

FIG. 12 illustrates one embodiment of a decoding process using a duallink method. Alternative numbers of primaries and alternative primariesare compatible with the present invention.

System 4

Color is generally defined by three component data levels (e.g., RGB,YCbCr). A serial data stream must accommodate a word for each colorcontributor (e.g., R, G, B). Use of more than three primaries requiresaccommodations to fit this data based on an RGB concept. This is whySystem 1, System 2, and System 3 use stacking, sequencing, and/or duallinks. Multiple words are required to define a single pixel, which isinefficient because not all values are needed.

In a preferred embodiment, color is defined as a colorimetriccoordinate. Thus, every color is defined by three words. Serial systemsare already based on three color contributors (e.g., RGB). System 4preferably uses XYZ or Yxy as the three color contributors. System 4preferably uses two colorimetric coordinates and a luminance or a luma.In one embodiment, System 4 includes, but is not limited to, Yxy,L*a*b*, ICTCP, YCbCr, YUV, Yu′v′, YPbPr, YIQ, and/or XYZ. In a preferredembodiment, System 4 uses color contributors that are independent of awhite point and/or a reference white value. Alternatively, System 4 usescolor contributors that are not independent of a white point and/or areference white value (e.g., YCbCr, L*a*b*). In another embodiment,System 4 uses color contributors that require at least one knownprimaries (e.g., ICTCP). In yet another embodiment, L*C*h or othernon-rectangular coordinate systems (e.g., cylindrical, polar) arecompatible with the present invention. In one embodiment, a polar systemis defined from Yxy by converting x,y to a hue angle (e.g.,θ=arctan(y/x)) and a magnitude vector (e.g., r) that is similar to C* inan L*C*h polar system. However, when converting Yxy to a polar system, θis restricted from 0 to 90 degrees because x and y are alwaysnon-negative. In one embodiment, the θ angle is expanded by applying atransform (e.g., an affine transform) to x, y data wherein the x, yvalues of the white point of the system (e.g., D65) are subtracted fromthe x, y data such that the x, y data includes negative values. Thus, θranges from 0 to 360 degrees and the polar plot of the Yxy data isoperable to occupy more than one quadrant.

XYZ has been used in cinema for over 10 years. XYZ needs 16-bit floatand 32-bit float encode or a minimum of 12 bits for gamma or log encodedimages for better quality. Transport of XYZ must be accomplished using a4:4:4 sample system. Less than a 4:4:4 sample system causes loss ofimage detail because Y is used as a coordinate along with X and Z andcarries color information, not a value. Further, X and Z are notorthogonal to Y and, therefore, also include luminance information.Advantageously, converting to Yxy or Yu′v′ concentrates the luminance inY only, leaving two independent and pure chromaticity values. In oneembodiment, X, Y, and Z are used to calculate x and y. Alternatively, X,Y, and Z are used to calculate u′ and v′.

However, if Y or an equivalent component is used as a luminance valuewith two independent colorimetric coordinates (e.g., x and y, u′ and v′,u and v, etc.) used to describe color, then a system using subsamplingis possible because of differing visual sensitivity to color andluminance. In one embodiment, I or L* components are used instead of Y,wherein I and/or L* data are created using gamma functions. As anon-limiting example, I is created using a 0.5 gamma function, while L*is created using a ⅓ gamma function. In these embodiments, additionalgamma encoding is not applied to the data as part of transport. Thesystem is operable to use any two independent colorimetric coordinateswith similar properties to x and y, u′ and v′, and/or u and v. In apreferred embodiment, the two independent colorimetric coordinates are xand y and the system is a Yxy system. In another preferred embodiment,the two colorimetric coordinates are u′ and v′ and the system is a Yu′v′system. Advantageously, the two independent colorimetric coordinates(e.g., x and y) are independent of a white point. This reduces thecomplexity of the system when compared to XYZ, which includes aluminance value for all three channels (i.e., X, Y, and Z). Further,this also provides an advantage for subsampling (e.g., 4:2:2, 4:2:0 and4:1:1). In one embodiment, other systems (e.g., ICTCP and L*a*b*)require a white point in calculations. However, a conversion matrix,e.g., using the white point of [1,1,1] is operable to be used for ICTCPand L*a*b* to remove the white point reference. The white pointreference is still operable to then be recaptured as [1,1,1] in XYZspace. In a preferred embodiment, the image data includes a reference toat least one white point.

Current technology uses components derived from the legacy NationalTelevision System Committee (NTSC). Encoding described in SMPTE,International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and CTA standards includesmethods using subsampling as 4:2:2, 4:2:0, and 4:1:1. Advantageously,this allows for color transportation of more than three primaries,including, but not limited to, at least four primaries, at least fiveprimaries, at least six primaries, at least seven primaries, at leasteight primaries, at least nine primaries, at least ten primaries, atleast eleven primaries, and/or at least twelve primaries (e.g., througha SMPTE ST292 or an HDMI 1.2 transport).

System 1, System 2, and System 3 use a YCbCr expansion to transport sixcolor primary data sets, and the same transport (e.g., a YCbCrexpansion) is operable to accommodate the image information as Yxy whereY is the luminance information and x,y describe CIE 1931 colorcoordinates in the half sample segments of the data stream (e.g.,4:2:2). Alternatively, x,y are fully sampled (e.g., 4:4:4). In yetanother embodiment, the sampling rate is 4:2:0 or 4:1:1. In stillanother embodiment, the same transport is operable to accommodate theinformation as luminance and colorimetric coordinates other than x,y. Inone embodiment, the same transport is operable to accommodate data setusing one channel of luminance data and two channels of colorimetricdata. Alternatively, the same transport is operable to accommodate theimage information as Yu′v′ with full sampling (e.g., 4:4:4) or partialsampling (e.g., 4:2:2, 4:2:0, 4:1:1). In one embodiment, the sametransport is used with full sampling (e.g., XYZ).

Advantageously, there is no need to add more channels, nor is there anyneed to separate the luminance information from the color components.Further, for example, x,y have no reference to any primaries because x,yare explicit colorimetric positions. In the Yxy space, x and y arechromaticity coordinates such that x and y can be used to define a gamutof visible color. Similarly, in the Yu′v′ space, u′ and v′ are explicitcolorimetric positions. It is possible to define a gamut of visiblecolor in other formats (e.g., L*a*b*, ICTCP, YCbCr), but it is notalways trivial. To determine if a color is visible in Yxy space, it mustbe determined if the sum of x and y is greater than or equal to zero. Ifnot, the color is not visible. If the x,y point is within the CIE x,ylocus (CIE horseshoe), the color is visible. If not, the color is notvisible. The Y value plays a role especially in a display. In oneembodiment, the display is operable to reproduce an x,y color within acertain range of Y values, wherein the range is a function of theprimaries. Another advantage is that an image can be sent as linear data(e.g., without a non-linear function applied) with a non-linear function(e.g., opto-optical transfer function (OOTF)) added after the image isreceived, rather than requiring a non-linear function (e.g., OOTF)applied to the signal. This allows for a much simpler encode and decodesystem. In one embodiment, only Y, L*, or I are altered by a non-linearfunction. Alternatively, Y, L*, or I are sent linearly (e.g., without anon-linear function applied).

FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy encode with anopto-electronic transfer function (OETF). Image data is acquired in anyformat operable to be converted to XYZ data (e.g., RGB, RGBCMY, CMYK).The XYZ data is then converted to Yxy data, and the Yxy data isprocessed through an OETF. The processed Yxy data is then converted to astandardized transportation format for mapping and readout.Advantageously, x and y remain as independent colorimetric coordinatesand the non-linear function (e.g., OETF, log, gamma, PQ) is only appliedto Y, thus avoiding compression or loss of colorimetric data. In oneembodiment, the OETF is described in ITU-R BT.2100 or ITU-R BT.1886.Advantageously, Y is orthogonal to x and y, and remains orthogonal to xand y even when a non-linear function is applied. Although the exampleshown includes Yxy data, System 4 is compatible with a plurality of dataformats including data formats using one luminance coordinate and twocolorimetric coordinates.

There are many different RGB sets so the matrix used to convert theimage data from a set of RGB primaries to XYZ will involve a specificsolution given the RGB values:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix} = {\begin{bmatrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}}$

In an embodiment where the image data is 6P-B data, the followingequation is used to convert to XYZ data:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}_{D\; 65} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{0.4}124000} & {{0.3}576000} & {{0.1}805000} & {{0.1}574900} & {{0.3}427600} & {{0.4}502060} \\{{0.2}126000} & {{0.7}152000} & {{0.0}721998} & {{0.3}132660} & {{0.1}347200} & {{0.5}520130} \\{{0.0}193001} & {{0.1}192000} & {{0.9}505000} & {{0.4}814200} & {{0.5}866620} & {{0.0}209755}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B \\C \\M \\Y\end{bmatrix}}_{6\; P\text{-}B}$

In an embodiment where the image data is 6P-C data with a D60 whitepoint, the following equation is used to convert to XYZ data:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}_{D\; 60_{ACES}} = {\quad{\begin{bmatrix}{{0.5}0836664} & {{0.2}6237069} & {{0.1}8337670} & {{0.1}5745217} & {{0.3}6881328} & {{0.4}2784843} \\{{0.2}3923145} & {{0.6}8739938} & {{0.0}7336917} & {{0.3}3094114} & {{0.1}4901541} & {{0.5}2004327} \\{{- {0.0}}001363} & {{0.0}4521596} & {{0.9}6599714} & {{0.4}7964602} & {{0.5}2900498} & {{0.0}0242485}\end{bmatrix}{\quad\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B \\C \\M \\Y\end{bmatrix}_{6P\text{-}C_{{refD}\; 60}}}}}$

In an embodiment where the image data is 6P-C data with a D65 whitepoint, the following equation is used to convert to XYZ data:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}_{D\; 65} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{0.4}8657095} & {{0.2}6566769} & {{0.1}9821729} & {{0.3}2295962} & {{- {0.5}}4969800} & {{1.1}77199435} \\{{0.2}2897456} & {{0.6}9173852} & {{0.0}7928691} & {{0.6}7867175} & {{- {0.2}}2203240} & {{0.5}43360700} \\{{0.0}0000000} & {{0.0}4511338} & {{1.0}4394437} & {{0.9}8336936} & {{- {0.7}}8858190} & {{0.8}94270250}\end{bmatrix}{\quad\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B \\C \\M \\Y\end{bmatrix}_{6P\text{-}C_{{refD}\; 65}}}}$

To convert the XYZ data to Yxy data, the following equations are used:

Y = Y $x = \frac{X}{\left( {X + Y + Z} \right)}$$y = \frac{Y}{\left( {X + Y + Z} \right)}$

FIG. 14 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy encode without an OETF.Image data is acquired in any format operable to be converted to XYZdata (e.g., RGB, RGBCMY, CMYK). The XYZ data is then converted to Yxydata, and then converted to a standardized transportation format formapping and readout. Although the example in FIG. 14 shows a Yxy encode,System 4 is operable to be used with a plurality of data formats.

FIG. 15 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy decode with anelectro-optical transfer function (EOTF). After mapping and readout, thedata is processed through an EOTF to yield the Yxy data. The Yxy data isthen converted back to the XYZ data. The XYZ data is operable to beconverted to multiple data formats including, but not limited to, RGB,CMYK, 6P (e.g., 6P-B, 6P-C), and gamuts including at least fourprimaries through at least twelve primaries. Although the example inFIG. 15 shows a Yxy decode, System 4 is operable to be used with aplurality of data formats.

Finally, the XYZ data must converted to the correct standard colorspace. In an embodiment where the color gamut used is a 6P-B colorgamut, the following equations are used:

$\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}_{6P\text{-}B} = {{{\begin{bmatrix}{{3.2}40625} & {{- {1.5}}37208} & {{- {0.4}}98629} \\{{- {0.9}}68931} & {{1.8}75756} & {{0.0}41518} \\{{0.0}55710} & {{- {0.2}}04021} & {{1.0}56996}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}_{D\; 65}\begin{bmatrix}C \\M \\Y\end{bmatrix}}_{6P\text{-}B} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{- {3.4}}96203} & {{2.7}98197} & {{1.4}00100} \\{{2.8}22710} & {{- {2.3}}24505} & {{0.5}89173} \\{{1.2}95195} & {{0.7}90883} & {{- {0.9}}38342}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}_{D\; 65}}$

In an embodiment where the color gamut used is a 6P-C color gamut with aD60 white point, the following equations are used:

$\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}_{6P\text{-}C_{{ref}\; D\; 60}} = {{{\begin{bmatrix}{{2.4}02666} & {{- {0.8}}97456} & {{- {0.3}}88041} \\{{- {0.8}}32567} & {{1.7}69204} & {{0.0}23712} \\{{0.0}38833} & {{- {0.0}}82520} & {{1.0}36625}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}_{D\; 60_{ACES}}\begin{bmatrix}C \\M \\Y\end{bmatrix}}_{6P\text{-}C_{{ref}\; D\; 60}} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{- {2.9}}59036} & {{2.4}27947} & {{1.3}79050} \\{{2.6}95538} & {{- {2.2}}20786} & {{0.6}47402} \\{{1.1}16577} & {{1.0}07431} & {{- {1.0}}61986}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}_{D\; 60_{ACES}}}$

In another embodiment where the color used is a 6P-C color gamut with aD65 white point, the following equations are used:

$\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}_{6P\text{-}C_{{ref}\; D\; 60}} = {{{\begin{bmatrix}{{2.4}79190} & {{- {0.9}}19911} & {{- {0.4}}00759} \\{{- {0.8}}29514} & {{1.7}62731} & {{0.0}23585} \\{{0.0}36423} & {{- {0.0}}76852} & {{0.9}57005}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}_{D\; 65}\begin{bmatrix}C \\M \\Y\end{bmatrix}}_{6P\text{-}C_{{refD}\; 65}} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{- {3.0}}20525} & {{2.4}44939} & {{1.3}09331} \\{{2.6}86642} & {{- {2.1}}80032} & {{0.5}75266} \\{{1.1}98493} & {{0.9}82883} & {{- {1.0}}30246}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}_{D\; 65}}$

In an embodiment where the color gamut used is an ITU-R BT709.6 colorgamut, the matrices are as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}_{{BT}{.709}} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{3.2}405} & {{- {1.5}}371} & {{- {0.4}}985} \\{{- {0.9}}693} & {{1.8}760} & {{0.0}416} \\{{0.0}556} & {{- {0.2}}040} & {{1.0}572}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}$

In an embodiment where the color gamut used is a SMPTE RP431-2 colorgamut, the matrices are as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}_{{RP}\; 431} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{2.7}254} & {{- {1.0}}180} & {{- {0.4}}402} \\{{- {0.7}}952} & {{1.6}897} & {{0.0}226} \\{{0.0}412} & {{- {0.0}}876} & {{1.1}009}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}$

In an embodiment where the color gamut used is an ITU-R BT.2020/2100color gamut, the matrices are as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}_{{BT}\; 2020} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{1.7}166512} & {{- {0.3}}556708} & {{- {0.2}}533663} \\{{- {0.6}}666844} & {{1.6}164812} & {{0.0}157685} \\{{0.0}176399} & {{- {0.0}}427706} & {{0.9}421031}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}$

To convert the Yxy data to the XYZ data, the following equations areused:

Y = Y $X = {\left( \frac{x}{y} \right)Y}$$Z = {\left( \frac{\left( {1 - x - y} \right)}{y} \right)Y}$

FIG. 16 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy decode without an EOTF.After mapping and readout, the Yxy data is then converted to the XYZdata. The XYZ data is operable to be converted to multiple data formatsincluding, but not limited to, RGB, CMYK, 6P (e.g., 6P-B, 6P-C), andgamuts including at least four primaries through at least twelveprimaries. Although the example in FIG. 16 shows a Yxy encode, System 4is operable to be used with a plurality of data formats.

FIG. 17 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2 Yxy encode with an OETF. Afull bandwidth luminance channel (Y) is used to carry image detail andthe remaining color coordinate components (e.g., x,y) are half sampled.In the example shown in FIG. 17, the Yxy data undergoes a 4:2:2 encode.Other encoding methods (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:0, 4:1:1) are compatible withthe present invention. Other quantization methods and bit depths arealso compatible with the present invention. In one embodiment, the bitdepth is 8 bits, 10 bits, 12 bits, 14 bits, and/or 16 bits. In oneembodiment, the Yxy values are sampled as floats. Although the examplein FIG. 17 shows a Yxy decode for 12-bit quantization, System 4 isoperable to be used with a plurality of data formats.

FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2 Yxy encode without anOETF. In the example shown in FIG. 18, the Yxy data undergoes a 4:2:2encode. Other encoding methods (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:0, 4:1:1) arecompatible with the present invention. Although the example in FIG. 18shows a Yxy encode, System 4 is operable to be used with a plurality ofdata formats.

FIG. 19 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:4:4 Yxy encode with an OETF. Afull bandwidth luminance channel (Y) is used to carry image detail andthe remaining color coordinate components (e.g., x,y) are also fullysampled. In the example shown in FIG. 19, the Yxy data undergoes a 4:4:4encode. Other encoding methods (e.g., 4:2:2, 4:2:0, 4:1:1) arecompatible with the present invention. Although the example in FIG. 19shows a Yxy encode, System 4 is operable to be used with a plurality ofdata formats.

FIG. 20 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:4:4 Yxy encode without anOETF. In the example shown in FIG. 20, the Yxy data undergoes a 4:4:4encode. Other encoding methods (e.g., 4:2:2, 4:2:0, 4:1:1) arecompatible with the present invention. Although the example in FIG. 20shows a Yxy encode, System 4 is operable to be used with a plurality ofdata formats.

FIG. 21 illustrates sample placements of Yxy system components for a4:2:2 pixel mapping. A plurality of pixels (e.g., P₀₀-P₃₅) is shown inFIG. 21. The first subscript number refers to a row number and thesecond subscript number refers to a column number. For pixel P₀₀,Y_(INT00)′ is the luma and the color components are x_(INT00) andy_(INT00). For pixel P₀₁, Y_(INT00)′ is the luma. For pixel P₁₀,Y_(INT10)′ is the luma and the color components are x_(INT10) andy_(INT10). For pixel P₁₁, Y_(INT11)′ is the luma. In one embodiment, theluma and the color components (e.g., the set of image data)corresponding to a particular pixel (e.g., P₀₀) is used to calculatecolor and brightness of subpixels. Although the example shown in FIG. 21includes luma, it is equally possible that the data is sent linearly asluminance (e.g., Y_(INT00)). Further, although the example in FIG. 21includes Yxy system components, System 4 is operable to be used with aplurality of data formats.

FIG. 22 illustrates sample placements of Yxy system components for a4:2:0 pixel mapping. A plurality of pixels (e.g., P₀₀-P₃₅) is shown inFIG. 22. The first subscript number refers to a row number and thesecond subscript number refers to a column number. For pixel P₀₀,Y_(INT00)′ is the luma and the color components are x_(INT00) andy_(INT00). For pixel P₀₁, Y_(INT01)′ is the luma. For pixel P₁₀,Y_(INT10)′ is the luma. For pixel P₁₁, Y_(INT11)′ is the luma. In oneembodiment, the luma and the color components corresponding to aparticular pixel (e.g., P₀₀) are used to calculate color and brightnessof subpixels. Although the example shown in FIG. 22 includes luma, it isequally possible that the data is sent linearly as luminance (e.g.,Y_(INT00)). Further, Although the example in FIG. 22 includes Yxy systemcomponents, System 4 is operable to be used with a plurality of dataformats.

In one embodiment, the set of image data includes pixel mapping data. Inone embodiment, the pixel mapping data includes a subsample of the setof values in a color space. In a preferred embodiment, the color spaceis a Yxy color space (e.g., 4:2:2). In one embodiment, the pixel mappingdata includes an alignment of the set of values in the color space(e.g., Yxy color space, Yu′v′).

Table 6 illustrates mapping to SMPTE ST2110 for 4:2:2 sampling of Yxydata. Table 7 illustrates mapping to SMPTE ST2110 for 4:4:4 linear andnon-linear sampling of Yxy data. The present invention is compatiblewith a plurality of data formats (e.g., Yu′v′) and not restricted to Yxydata.

TABLE 6 Bit pgroup Y PbPr Sampling Depth octets pixels Sample Order Yxy4:2:2  8  8 2 C_(B)′, Y0′, y0, Y0′, x0, C_(R)′, Y1′ y1, Y1′, x1 10 10 2C_(B)′, Y0′, y0, Y0′, x0, C_(R)′, Y1′ y1, Y1′, x1 12 12 2 C_(B)′, Y0′,y0, Y0′, x0, C_(R)′, Y1′ y1, Y1′, x1 16, 16f 16 2 C′_(B), Y0′, y0, Y0′,x0, C′_(R), Y′1 y1, Y1′, x1

TABLE 7 Bit pgroup RGB/XYZ Sampling Depth octets pixels Sample Order Yxy4:4:4  8  3 1 R, G, B x, Y′, y Linear 10 15 4 R0, G0, B0, x, Y0′, y, R1,G1, B1, x, Y1′, y, R2, G2, B2 x, Y2′, y 12  9 2 R0, G0, B0, x, Y0′, y,R1, G1, B1 x, Y1′, y 16, 16f  6 1 R, G, B x, Y′, y 4:4:4  8  3 1 R′, G′,B′ x, Y′, y Non- 10 15 4 R0′, G0′, B0′, x, Y0′, y, Linear R1′, G1′, B1′,x, Y1′, y, R2′, G2′, B2′ x, Y2′, y 12  9 2 R0′, G0′, B0′, x, Y0′, y,R1′, G1′, B1′ x, Y1′, y 16, 16f  6 1 R′, G′, B′ x, Y′, y

FIG. 23 illustrates one embodiment of a SMPTE ST292 Yxy system mapping.To fit a Yxy system into a SMPTE ST292 stream involves the followingsubstitutions: Y_(INT)′ is placed in the Y data segments, x_(INT) isplaced in the Cr data segments, and y_(INT) is placed in the Cb datasegments. In a preferred embodiment, luminance or luma is placed in theY data segments, a first colorimetric coordinate is placed in the Crdata segments, and a second colorimetric coordinate is placed in the Cbdata segments. Although the example in FIG. 23 shows a Yxy systemmapping, System 4 is operable to be used with a plurality of dataformats (e.g., Yu′v′).

FIG. 24 illustrates one embodiment of a SMPTE ST2082 Yxy system mapping.To fit a Yxy system into a SMPTE ST292 stream involves the followingsubstitutions: Y_(INT)′ is placed in the G data segments, x_(INT) isplaced in the R data segments, and y_(INT) is placed in the B datasegments. In a preferred embodiment, luminance or luma is placed in theG data segments, a first colorimetric coordinate is placed in the R datasegments, and a second colorimetric coordinate is placed in the B datasegments. Although the example in FIG. 24 shows a Yxy system mapping,System 4 is operable to be used with a plurality of data formats (e.g.,Yu′v′).

FIG. 25 illustrates one embodiment of Yxy inserted into a CTA 861stream. Although the example in FIG. 25 shows a Yxy system mapping,System 4 is operable to be used with a plurality of data formats.

FIG. 26 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy decode with an EOTF. In oneembodiment, a non-linear function is applied to the luminance to createa luma. The non-linear function is not applied to the two colorimetriccoordinates. Although the example in FIG. 26 shows a Yxy decode, System4 is operable to be used with a plurality of data formats.

FIG. 27 illustrates one embodiment of a Yxy decode without an EOTF. Inone embodiment, data is sent linearly as luminance. A non-linearfunction (e.g., EOTF) is not applied to the luminance or the twocolorimetric coordinates. Although the example in FIG. 27 shows a Yxydecode, System 4 is operable to be used with a plurality of dataformats.

Advantageously, XYZ is used as the basis of ACES for cinematographersand allows for the use of colors outside of the ITU-R BT.709 and/or theP3 color spaces, encompassing all of the CIE color space. Coloristsoften work in XYZ, so there is widespread familiarity with XYZ. Further,XYZ is used for other standards (e.g., JPEG 2000, Digital CinemaInitiatives (DCI)), which could be easily adapted for System 4.Additionally, most color spaces use XYZ as the basis for conversion, sothe conversions between XYZ and most color spaces are well understoodand documented. Many professional displays also have XYZ option as acolor reference function.

In one embodiment, the image data converter includes at least onelook-up table (LUT). In one embodiment, the at least one look-up tablemaps out-of-gamut colors to zero. In one embodiment, the at least onelook-up table maps out-of-gamut colors to a periphery of visible colors.In one embodiment, an out-of-gamut color is mapped to the peripheryalong a straight line between the out-of-gamut color in its originallocation and a white point of the system (e.g., D65). In one embodiment,the luminance and/or luma value is maintained, and only the colorimetriccoordinates are affected by the mapping. In one embodiment, gammatransforms and/or scaling are added after mapping. In one embodiment,the mapping is used to convert Yxy to XYZ and back. Alternatively, themapping is used to convert Y′xy to X′Y′Z′ and back. In one embodiment, agamma function and/or a scaling is maintained throughout the conversion.As a non-limiting example, a 2.6 gamma function is used to scale x by0.74 and y by 0.84. Alternatively, the gamma and/or the scaling areremoved after conversion.

Transfer Functions

The system design minimizes limitations to use standard transferfunctions for both encode and/or decode processes. Current practicesused in standards include, but are not limited to, ITU-R BT.1886, ITU-RBT.2020, SMPTE ST274, SMPTE ST296, SMPTE ST2084, and ITU-R BT.2100.These standards are compatible with this system and require nomodification.

Encoding and decoding multi-primary (e.g., 6P, RGBC) images is formattedinto several different configurations to adapt to image transportfrequency limitations. The highest quality transport is obtained bykeeping all components as multi-primary (e.g., RGBCMY) components. Thisuses the highest sampling frequencies and requires the most signalbandwidth. An alternate method is to sum the image details in aluminance channel at full bandwidth and then send the color differencesignals at half or quarter sampling (e.g., Y Cr Cb Cc Cy). This allows asimilar image to pass through lower bandwidth transports.

An IPT system is a similar idea to the Yxy system with severalexceptions. An IPT system or an ICTCP system is still an extension ofXYZ and is operable to be derived from RGB and multiprimary (e.g.,RGBCMY, RGBC) color coordinates. An IPT color description can besubstituted within a 4:4:4 sampling structure, but XYZ has already beenestablished and does not require the same level of calculations. For anICTCP transport system, similar substitutions can be made. However, bothsubstitution systems are limited in that a non-linear function (e.g.,OOTF) is contained in all three components. Although the non-linearfunction can be removed for IPT or ICTCP, the derivation is still basedon a set of RGB primaries with a white point reference. In oneembodiment, removing the non-linear function alters the bit depth noiseand compressibility.

For transport, simple substitutions can be made using the foundation ofwhat is described with transport of XYZ for the use of IPT in currentsystems as well as the current standards used for ICTCP.

FIG. 28A illustrates one embodiment of an IPT 4:4:4 encode.

FIG. 28B illustrates one embodiment of an IPT 4:4:4 decode.

FIG. 29A illustrates one embodiment of an ICTCP 4:2:2 encode.

FIG. 29B illustrates one embodiment of an ICTCP 4:2:2 decode.

Transfer functions used in systems 1, 2, and 3 are generally framedaround two basic implementations. For images displaying using a standarddynamic range, the transfer functions are defined within two standards.The OETF is defined in ITU-R BT.709-6, table 1, row 1.2. The inversefunction, the EOTF, is defined in ITU-R BT.1886. For high dynamic rangeimaging, the perceptual quantizer (PQ) and hybrid log-gamma (HLG) curvesare described in ITU-R BT.2100-2: 2018, table 4.

System 4 is operable to use any of the transfer functions, which can beapplied to the Y component. However, to improve compatibility and tosimplify conversion between standard transfer functions, a new methodhas been developed: a ½ gamma function. Advantageously, the ½ gammafunction allows for a single calculation from the luminance (e.g., Y)component of the signal (e.g., Yxy signal) to the display.Advantageously, the ½ gamma function is designed for data efficiency,not as an optical transform function. In one embodiment, the ½ gammafunction is used instead of a nonlinear function (e.g., OETF or EOTF).In one embodiment, signal input to the ½ gamma function is assumed to belinear and constrained between values of 0 and 1. In one embodiment, the½ gamma function is optimized for 10-bit transport and/or 12-bittransport. Alternatively, the ½ gamma function is optimized for 14-bittransport and/or 16-bit transport. In an alternative embodiment, the ½gamma function is optimized for 8-bit transport. A typicalimplementation applies an inverse of the ½ gamma function, whichlinearizes the signal. A conversion to a display gamut is then applied.

FIG. 103 illustrates one embodiment of a ½ gamma function.

In one embodiment, for a source n=√{square root over (L)} and for adisplay L=n². In another embodiment, a display gamma is calculated asL=n²/λ, where λ is a desired final EOTF. Advantageously, using the ½gamma function with the display gamma combines the functions into asingle step rather than utilizing a two-step conversion process. In oneembodiment, at least one tone curve is applied after the ½ gammafunction. The ½ gamma function advantageously provides ease to convertto and from linear values. Given that all color and tone mapping has tobe done in the linear domain, having a simple to implement conversion isdesirable and makes the conversion to and from linear values easier andsimpler.

FIG. 104 illustrates a graph of maximum quantizing error using the ½gamma function. The maximum quantizing error from an original 16-bitimage (black trace) to a 10-bit (blue trace) signal is shown in thegraph. In the embodiment shown in the graph, the maximum quantizingerror is less than 0.1% (e.g., 0.0916%) for 16-bit to 10-bit conversionusing the ½ gamma function. This does not include any camera logfunctions designed into a camera. The graph also shows the maximumquantizing error from the original 16-bit image to a 12-bit (red trace)signal and a 14-bit (green trace) signal.

While a ½ gamma is ideal for converting images with 16-bit (e.g., 16-bitfloat) values to 12-bit (e.g., 12-bit integer) values, for other datasets a ⅓ gamma provides equivalent performance in terms of peaksignal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). For high dynamic range (HDR) content,which has a wider luminance dynamic range (e.g., up to 1000 cd/m²), the⅓ gamma conversion from 16-bit float maintains the same performance as ½gamma. In one embodiment, an equation for finding an optimum value ofgamma is:

$\gamma = \frac{{Integer}\mspace{14mu}{Bit}\mspace{14mu}{Depth}}{- {\log_{2}\left( {{{Mini}{mum}}\mspace{14mu}{Float}{\mspace{11mu}\;}{Value}} \right)}}$

In one embodiment, the Minimum Float Value is based on the Institute ofElectrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard for Floating-PointArithmetic (IEEE 754) (July 2019), which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. In one embodiment, the range of image valuesis normalized to between 0 and 1. The range of image values ispreferably normalized to between 0 and 1 and then the gamma function isapplied.

For example, for an HDR system (e.g., with a luminance dynamic range of1000-4000 cd/m²), the above equation becomes:

$\gamma = \frac{{Integer}\mspace{14mu}{Bit}\mspace{14mu}{Depth}}{{- {\log_{2}\left( {{{Mini}{mum}}\mspace{14mu}{Float}{\mspace{11mu}\;}{Value}} \right)}} - {\log_{2}\left( {{Peak}\mspace{14mu}{HDR}\mspace{14mu}{value}} \right)}}$

FIG. 108 illustrates one embodiment of a ⅓ gamma function.

Encoder and Decoder

In one embodiment, the multi-primary system includes an encoder operableto accept image data input (e.g., RAW, SDI, HDMI, DisplayPort,ethernet). In one embodiment, the image data input is from a camera, acomputer, a processor, a flash memory card, a network (e.g., local areanetwork (LAN)), or any other file storage or transfer medium operable toprovide image data input. The encoder is operable to send processedimage data (e.g., Yxy, XYZ, Yu′v′) to a decoder (e.g., via wired orwireless communication). The decoder is operable to send formatted imagedata (e.g., SDI, HDMI, Ethernet, DisplayPort, Yxy, XYZ, Yu′v′, legacyRGB, multi-primary data (e.g., RGBC, RGBCMY, etc.)) to at least oneviewing device (e.g., display, monitor, projector) for display (e.g.,via wired or wireless communication). In one embodiment, the decoder isoperable to send formatted image data to at least two viewing devicessimultaneously. In one embodiment, two or more of the at least twoviewing devices use different color spaces and/or formats. In oneexample, the decoder sends formatted image data to a first viewingdevice in HDMI and a second viewing device in SDI. In another example,the decoder sends formatted image data as multi-primary (e.g., RGBCMY,RGBC) to a first viewing device and as legacy RGB (e.g., Rec. 709) to asecond viewing device. In one embodiment, the Ethernet formatted imagedata is compatible with SMPTE ST2022. Additionally or alternatively, theEthernet formatted image data is compatible with SMPTE ST2110 and/or anyinternet protocol (IP)-based transport protocol for image data.

The encoder and the decoder preferably include at least one processor.By way of example, and not limitation, the at least one processor is bea general-purpose microprocessor (e.g., a central processing unit(CPU)), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a microcontroller, a DigitalSignal Processor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit(ASIC), a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), a Programmable LogicDevice (PLD), a controller, a state machine, gated or transistor logic,discrete hardware components, or any other suitable entity orcombinations thereof that can perform calculations, process instructionsfor execution, and/or other manipulations of information. In oneembodiment, one or more of the at least one processor is operable to runpredefined programs stored in at least one memory of the encoder and/orthe decoder.

The encoder and/or the decoder include hardware, firmware, and/orsoftware. In one embodiment, the encoder and/or the decoder is operableto be inserted into third party software (e.g., via a dynamic-linklibrary (DLL)). In one embodiment, functionality and/or features of theencoder and/or the decoder are combined for efficiency.

FIG. 105 illustrates one embodiment of an encoder. The encoder includesat least one encoder input (e.g., SDI, HDMI, SMPTE ST2110, SMPTE ST2022,DisplayPort, fiber, ethernet) and at least one encoder output (e.g.,SDI, HDMI, SMPTE ST2110, SMPTE ST2022, Yxy SDI, Yxy HDMI, Yu′v′ SDI,Yu′v′ HDMI, DisplayPort, fiber, ethernet). The encoder preferablyincludes an encoder operations programming port operable to provideupdates to firmware and/or software on the encoder. For example, theencoder operations programming port is operable to update libraryfunctions, internal formatting, camera DeBayer pattern algorithms,and/or look-up tables in the encoder. In one embodiment, the encoderincludes an encoder configuration central processing unit (CPU) operableto interface with at least one encoder memory. The encoder furtherincludes an encoder equalizer, at least one encoder serial to parallel(S/P) converter (e.g., SDI S/P converter, HDMI S/P, Ethernet S/Pconverter), at least one encoder flash card reader, at least oneEthernet port, a DeBayer engine, a linear converter, a scaler (e.g.,0-1), at least one custom encoder LUT, a color channel-to-XYZ converter(e.g., RGB in Rec. 709, P3, Rec. 2020; 6P; multi-primary; ACES; custom),an XYZ-to-Yxy converter, an XYZ-to-Yu′v′ converter, a gamma function(e.g., ½ gamma), an xy scaler, a u′v′ scaler, a sampling selector (e.g.,4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0), at least one encoder parallel to serial (P/S)converter (e.g., SDI P/S converter, HDMI P/S converter, Ethernet P/Sconverter), at least one encoder formatter (e.g., SDI formatter, HDMIformatter, Ethernet formatter), and/or a watermark engine. In oneembodiment, the input data is operable to bypass any combination ofprocessing stages and/or components in the encoder.

The at least one encoder input includes, but is not limited to, an SDIinput, an HDMI input, a DisplayPort input, an ethernet input, and/or aSMPTE ST2110 input. The SDI input preferably follows a modified versionof SMPTE ST352 payload identification (ID) standard. In one embodiment,the SDI input is SMPTE ST292, SMPTE ST425, and/or SMPTE ST2082. In oneembodiment, a video signal from the SDI input is then sent to theencoder equalizer to compensate for cable type and length. In oneembodiment, the HDMI input is decoded with a standard HDMI receivercircuit. In one embodiment, the HDMI input is converted to a parallelformat. In one embodiment, the HDMI input is defined within the CTA 861standard. In another embodiment, the at least one encoder input includesimage data (e.g., RAW data) from a flash device. The configuration CPUidentifies a format on the flash card and/or a file type, and hassoftware operable to read the image data and make it available to theencoder.

In one embodiment, the encoder operations port is operable to connect toan encoder control system (e.g., via a micro universal serial bus (USB)or equivalent). In one embodiment, the encoder control system isoperable to control the at least one encoder memory that holds tablesfor the DeBayer engine, load modifications to the linear converterand/or scaler, select the at least one input, loads a table for the atleast one custom encoder LUT, bypass one or more of the at least onecustom encoder LUT, bypass the DeBayer engine, add or modify conversiontables for the RGB to XYZ converter, modify the gamma function (e.g., a½ gamma function), turn the watermark engine on or off, modify a digitalwatermark for the watermark engine, and/or perform functions for theflash memory player (e.g., play, stop, forward, fast forward, rewind,fast rewind, frame selection).

In one embodiment, the at least one S/P converter is up to n bit forimproved processing efficiency. The at least one S/P converterpreferably formats the processed image data so that the encoder and/orthe decoder is operable to use parallel processing. Advantageously,parallel processing keeps processing fast and minimizes latency.

The at least one encoder formatter is operable to organize the serialstream as a proper format. In a preferred embodiment, the encoderincludes a corresponding encoder formatter for each of the at least oneencoder output. For example, if the encoder includes at least one HDMIoutput in the at least one encoder output, the encoder also includes atleast one HDMI formatter in the at least one encoder formatter; if theencoder includes at least one SDI output in the at least one encoderoutput, the encoder also includes at least one SDI formatter in the atleast one encoder formatter; if the encoder includes at least oneEthernet output in the at least one encoder output, the encoder alsoincludes at least one Ethernet formatter in the at least one encoderformatter; and so forth.

There is an advantage of inputting a RAW camera image to take advantageof the extended dynamic range and wider color gamut versus using astandard video input. In one embodiment, the DeBayer engine is operableto convert RAW image data into a raster image. In one embodiment, theraster image is a 3-channel image (e.g., RGB). In one embodiment, theDeBayer engine is bypassed for data that is not in a RAW image format.In one embodiment, the DeBayer engine is configured to accommodate atleast three primaries (e.g., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, etc.) in the Bayer orstripe pattern. To handle all of the different DeBayer options, theoperations programming port is operable to load a file with coderequired to adapt a specific Bayer pattern. For images that are not RAW,a bypass path is provided and switched to and from using the encoderconfiguration CPU. In one embodiment, the encoder is operable torecognize the image data format and select the correct pathautomatically. Alternatively, the image data format is included inmetadata.

The encoder configuration CPU is operable to recognize an inputnonlinearity value and provide an inverse value to the linear converterto linearize the image data. The scaler is operable to map out of gamutvalues into in gamut values.

In one embodiment, the at least one custom encoder LUT is operable totransform an input (e.g., a standard from a manufacturer) to XYZ, Yxy,or Yu′v′. Examples of the input include, but are not limited to, REDLog3G10, ARRI log C, ACEScc, SONY S-Log, CANON Log, PANASONIC V Log,PANAVISION Panalog, and/or BLACK MAGIC CinemaDNG. In one embodiment, theat least one custom encoder LUT is operable to transform the input to anoutput according to artistic needs. In one embodiment, the encoder doesnot include the color channel-to-XYZ converter or the XYZ-to-Yxyconverter, as this functionality is incorporated into the at least onecustom encoder LUT. In one embodiment, the at least one custom encoderLUT is a 65-cube look-up table. The at least one custom encoder LUT ispreferably compatible with ACES Common LUT Format (CLF)—A Common FileFormat for Look-Up Tables S-2014-006, which was published Jul. 22, 2021and which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In oneembodiment, the at least one custom encoder LUT is a multi-column LUT.The at least one custom encoder LUT is preferably operable to be loadedthrough the operations programming port. If no LUT is required, theencoder configuration CPU is operable to bypass the at least one customencoder LUT.

In one embodiment, RGB or multi-primary (e.g., RGBCMY, RGBC) data isconverted into XYZ data using the color channel-to-XYZ converter. In apreferred embodiment, a white point value for the original video data(e.g., RGB, RGBCMY) is stored in one or more of the at least one encodermemory. The encoder configuration CPU is operable to provide an adaptioncalculation using the white point value. The XYZ-to-Yxy converter isoperable to convert XYZ data to Yxy data. Advantageously, the Yxy imagedata is segmented into a luminance value and a set of colorimetricvalues, the relationship between Y and x,y is operable to be manipulatedto use lower data rates. Similarly, the XYZ-to-Yu′v′ converter isoperable to convert XYZ data to Yu′v′ data, and the conversion isoperable to be manipulated to use lower data rates. Any system with aluminance value and a set of colorimetric values is compatible with thepresent invention. The configuration CPU is operable to set the sampleselector to fit one or more of the at least one encoder output. In oneembodiment, the sampling selector sets a sampling structure (e.g.,4:4:4, 4:2:2, 4:2:0, 4:1:1). The sampling selector is preferablycontrolled by the encoder configuration CPU. In a preferred embodiment,the sampling selector also places each component in the correct serialdata position as shown in Table 8.

TABLE 8 4:4:4 4:2:2, 4:2:0, or 4:1:1 Y G Y x R C_(R) y B C_(B)

The watermark engine is operable to modify an image from an originalimage to include a digital watermark. In one embodiment, the digitalwatermark is outside of the ITU-R BT.2020 color gamut. In oneembodiment, the digital watermark is compressed, collapsed, and/ormapped to an edge of the smaller color gamut such that it is not visibleand/or not detectable when displayed on a viewing device with a smallercolor gamut than ITU-R BT.2020. In another embodiment, the digitalwatermark is not visible and/or not detectable when displayed on aviewing device with an ITU-R BT.2020 color gamut. In one embodiment, thedigital watermark is a watermark image (e.g., logo), alphanumeric text(e.g., unique identification code), and/or a modification of pixels. Inone embodiment, the digital watermark is invisible to the naked eye. Ina preferred embodiment, the digital watermark is perceptible whendecoded by an algorithm. In one embodiment, the algorithm uses anencryption key to decode the digital watermark. In another embodiment,the digital watermark is visible in a non-obtrusive manner (e.g., at thebottom right of the screen). The digital watermark is preferablydetectable after size compression, scaling, cropping, and/orscreenshots. In yet another embodiment, the digital watermark is animperceptible change in sound and/or video. In one embodiment, thedigital watermark is a pattern (e.g., a random pattern, a fixed pattern)using a luminance difference (e.g., 1 bit luminance difference). In oneembodiment, the pattern is operable to change at each frame. The digitalwatermark is a dynamic digital watermark and/or a static digitalwatermark. In one embodiment, the dynamic digital watermark works as afull frame rate or a partial frame rate (e.g., half frame rate). Thewatermark engine is operable to accept commands from the encoderconfiguration CPU.

In an alternative embodiment, the at least one encoder input alreadyincludes a digital watermark when input to the encoder. In oneembodiment, a camera includes the digital watermark on an image signalthat is input to the encoder as the at least one encoder input.

The at least one encoder output includes, but is not limited to SDI,HDMI, DisplayPort, and/or ethernet. In one embodiment, at least oneencoder formatter formats the image data to produce the at least oneencoder output. The at least one encoder formatter includes, but is notlimited to, an SDI formatter, an SMPTE ST2110, and/or an HDMI formatter.The SDI formatter formats the serial video data into an SDI package as aYxy output. The SMPTE ST2110 formatter formats the serial video datainto an ethernet package as a Yxy output. The HDMI formatter formats theserial video data into an HDMI package as a Yxy output.

FIG. 106 illustrates one embodiment of a decoder. The decoder includesat least one decoder input (e.g., SDI, HDMI, Ethernet, Yxy SDI, YxyHDMI, Yxy Ethernet, DisplayPort, fiber) and at least one decoder output(e.g., Yxy SDI, at least one SDI, X′Y′Z′, HDMI, Ethernet, DisplayPort,fiber). In one embodiment, the decoder includes a decoder configurationcentral processing unit (CPU) operable to interface with at least onedecoder memory. The decoder preferably includes a decoder operationsprogramming port operable to provide updates to firmware and/or softwareon the decoder. The decoder further includes a decoder equalizer, atleast one decoder serial to parallel (S/P) converter (e.g., SDI S/Pconverter, HDMI S/P converter, Ethernet S/P converter), a watermarkdetection engine, a watermark subtraction engine, a gamma-to-linearconverter (e.g., ½ gamma-to-linear converter), an xy de-scaler, a u′v′de-scaler, at least one sampling converter (e.g., 4:2:2 or 4:2:0 to4:4:4 converter), at least one Yxy-to-XYZ converter, at least oneYu′v′-to-XYZ converter, a gamma library (e.g., linear, 2.2, 2.35, 2.4,2.6, HLG, PQ, custom), an XYZ-to-color channel library (e.g., RGB (e.g.,Rec. 709, P3, Rec. 2020); multi-primary data), a color channel-to-YUVlibrary (e.g., RGB (e.g., Rec. 709, P3, Rec. 2020); multi-primary data),at least one sample selector, at least one transfer function, at leastone custom decoder LUT, at least one decoder parallel to serial (P/S)converter (e.g., SDI X′Y′Z′, at least one SDI, HDMI), and/or at leastone decoder formatter (e.g., SDI X′Y′Z′ formatter, SDI RGB formatter,SDI CMY formatter, HDMI formatter). In one embodiment, X′Y′Z′ outputincludes a non-linear function (e.g., ½ gamma) applied to XYZ data. Inone embodiment, the processed image data is operable to bypass anycombination of processing stages and/or components in the decoder.

In one embodiment, the decoder operations port is operable to connect toa decoder control system (e.g., via a micro universal serial bus (USB)or equivalent). In one embodiment, the decoder control system isoperable to select the at least one decoder input, perform functions forthe flash memory player (e.g., play, stop, forward, fast forward,rewind, fast rewind, frame selection), turn watermark detection on oroff, add or modify the gamma library and/or look-up table selection, addor modify the XYZ-to-RGB library and/or look-up table selection, loaddata to the at least one custom decoder LUT, select bypass of one ormore of the custom decoder LUT, and/or modify the Ethernet SDP. Thegamma library preferably takes linear data and applies at least onenon-linear function to the linear data. The at least non-linear functionincludes, but is not limited to, at least one standard gamma (e.g.,those used in standard dynamic range (SDR) and high definition range(HDR) formats) and/or at least one custom gamma.

In one embodiment, the output of the gamma library is fed to theXYZ-to-RGB library, where tables are included to map the XYZ data to astandard RGB or YCbCr output format. In another embodiment, the outputof the gamma library bypasses the XYZ-to-RGB library. This bypass leavesan output of XYZ data with a gamma applied. The selection of theXYZ-to-RGB library or bypass is determined by the configuration CPU. Ifthe output format selected is YCbCr, then the XYZ-to-RGB library flagswhich sampling method is desired and provides that selection to thesampling selector. The sampling selector then formats the YCbCr data toa 4:2:2, 4:2:0, or 4:1:1 sampling structure.

In one embodiment, an input to the decoder does not include full pixelsampling (e.g., 4:2:2, 4:2:0, 4:1:1). The at least one samplingconverter is operable to take subsampled images and convert thesubsampled images to full 4:4:4 sampling. In one embodiment, the 4:4:4Yxy image data is then converted to XYZ using the at least oneYxy-to-XYZ converter. In another embodiment, the 4:4:4 Yu′v′ image datais then converted to XYZ using the Yu′v′ using the at least oneYu′v′-to-XYZ converter. Image data is then converted from a parallelform to a serial stream.

In one embodiment, the at least one SDI output includes more than oneSDI output. Advantageously, this allows for output over multiple links(e.g., System 3). In one embodiment, the at least one SDI outputincludes a first SDI output and a second SDI output. In one embodiment,the first SDI output is used to transport a first set of color channeldata (e.g., RGB) and the second SDI output is used to transport a secondset of color channel data (e.g., CMY).

The watermark detection engine detects the digital watermark. In oneembodiment, a pattern of the digital watermark is loaded to the decoderusing the operations programming port. In one embodiment, the decoderconfiguration CPU is operable to turn the watermark detection engine onand off. The watermark subtraction engine removes the digital watermarkfrom image data before formatting for display on the at least oneviewing device. In one embodiment, the decoder configuration CPU isoperable to allow bypass of the watermark subtraction engine, which willleave the digital watermark on an output image. In a preferredembodiment, the decoder requires the digital watermark in the processedimage data sent from the encoder to provide the at least one decoderoutput. Thus, the decoder does not send color channel data to the atleast one viewing device if the digital watermark is not present in theprocessed image data. In an alternate embodiment, the decoder isoperable to provide the at least one decoder output without the digitalwatermark in the processed image data sent from the encoder. If thedigital watermark is not present in the processed image data, an imagedisplayed on the at least one viewing device preferably includes avisible watermark.

In one embodiment, output from the watermark subtraction processincludes luminance data including a non-linearity (e.g., ½ gamma).Non-linear luminance data (i.e., luma) is converted back to a linearimage using the gamma-to-linear converter.

In one embodiment, the at least one custom decoder LUT includes a9-column LUT. In one embodiment, the 9-column LUT includes 3 columns fora legacy RGB output (e.g., Rec. 709, Rec. 2020, P3) and 6 columns for a6P multi-primary display (e.g., RGBCMY). Other numbers of columns (e.g.,7 columns) and alternative multi-primary displays (e.g., RGBC) arecompatible with the present invention. In one embodiment, the at leastone custom decoder LUT (e.g., the 9-column LUT) is operable to produceoutput values using tetrahedral interpolation. Advantageously,tetrahedral interpolation uses a smaller volume of color space todetermine the output values, resulting in more accurate color channeldata. In one embodiment, each of the tetrahedrons used in thetetrahedral interpolation includes a neutral diagonal. Advantageously,this embodiment works even with having less than 6 color channels. Forexample, a 4P output (e.g., RGBC) or a 5P output (e.g., RGBCY) using anFPGA is operable to be produced using tetrahedral interpolation.Further, this embodiment allows for an encoder to produce legacy RGBoutput in addition to multi-primary output. In an alternativeembodiment, the at least one custom decoder LUT is operable to produceoutput value using cubic interpolation. The at least one custom decoderLUT is preferably operable to accept linear XYZ data. In one embodiment,the at least one custom decoder LUT is a multi-column LUT. The at leastone custom decoder LUT is preferably operable to be loaded through theoperations programming port. If no LUT is required, the decoderconfiguration CPU is operable to bypass the at least one custom decoderLUT.

In one embodiment, the at least one custom decoder LUT is operable to beused for streamlined HDMI transport. In one embodiment, the at least onecustom decoder LUT is a 3D LUT. In one embodiment, the at least onecustom decoder LUT is operable to take in a 3-column input (e.g., RGB,XYZ) and produce an output of greater than three columns (e.g., RGBC,RGBCY, RGBCMY). Advantageously, this system only requires 3 channels ofdata as the input to the at least one custom decoder LUT. In oneembodiment, the at least one custom decoder LUT applies a gamma functionand/or a curve to produce a linear output. In another embodiment, the atleast one custom decoder LUT is a trimming LUT.

The at least one decoder formatter is operable to organize a serialstream as a proper format for the at least one output. In a preferredembodiment, the decoder includes a corresponding decoder formatter foreach of the at least one decoder output. For example, if the decoderincludes at least one HDMI output in the at least one decoder output,the decoder also includes at least one HDMI formatter in the at leastone decoder formatter; if the decoder includes at least one SDI outputin the at least one decoder output, the decoder also includes at leastone SDI formatter in the at least one decoder formatter; if the decoderincludes at least one Ethernet output in the at least one decoderoutput, the decoder also includes at least one Ethernet formatter in theat least one decoder formatter; and so forth.

The encoder and/or the decoder are operable to generate, insert, and/orrecover metadata related to an image signal. The metadata includes, butis not limited to, a color space (e.g., 6P-B, 6P-C), an image transferfunction (e.g., gamma, PQ, HLG, ½ gamma), a peak white value, and/or asignal format (e.g., RGB, Yxy, multi-primary (e.g., RGBCMY, RGBC)). Inone embodiment, the metadata is inserted into SDI or ST2110 usingancillary (ANC) data packets. In another embodiment, the metadata isinserted using Vendor Specific InfoFrame (VSIF) data as part of the CTA861 standard. In one embodiment, the metadata is compatible with SMPTEST 2110-10:2017, SMPTE ST 2110-20:2017, SMPTE ST 2110-40:2018, SMPTE ST352:2013, and/or SMPTE ST 352:2011, each of which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety.

Additional details about the multi-primary system and the display areincluded in U.S. application Ser. Nos. 17/180,441 and 17/209,959, andU.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20210027693, 20210020094, 20210035487, and20210043127, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

Display Engine

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a display engineoperable to interact with a graphics processing unit (GPU) and provideYxy, XYZ, YUV, Yu′v′, RGB, YCrCb, and/or ICTCP configured outputs. Inone embodiment, the display engine and the GPU are on a video card.Alternatively, the display engine and the GPU are embedded on amotherboard or a central processing unit (CPU) die. The display engineand the GPU are preferably included in and/or connected to at least oneviewing device (e.g., display, video game console, smartphone, etc.).Additional information related to GPUs are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.9,098,323; 9,235,512; 9,263,000; 9,318,073; 9,442,706; 9,477,437;9,494,994; 9,535,815; 9,740,611; 9,779,473; 9,805,440; 9,880,851;9,971,959; 9,978,343; 10,032,244; 10,043,232; 10,114,446; 10,185,386;10,191,759; 10,229,471; 10,324,693; 10,331,590; 10,460,417; 10,515,611;10,521,874; 10,559,057; 10,580,105; 10,593,011; 10,600,141; 10,628,909;10,705,846; 10,713,059; 10,769,746; 10,839,476; 10,853,904; 10,867,362;10,922,779; 10,923,082; 10,963,299; and 10,970,805 and U.S. PatentPublication Nos. 20140270364, 20150145871, 20160180487, 20160350245,20170178275, 20170371694, 20180121386, 20180314932, 20190034316,20190213706, 20200098082, 20200183734, 20200279348, 20200294183,20200301708, 20200310522, 20200379864, and 20210049030, each of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In one embodiment, the GPU includes a render engine. In one embodiment,the render engine includes at least one render pipeline (RP), aprogrammable pixel shader, a programmable vector shader, a vector arrayprocessor, a curvature engine, and/or a memory cache. The render engineis operable to interact with a memory controller interface, a commandCPU, a host bus (e.g., peripheral component interconnect (PCI), PCIExpress (PCIe), accelerated graphics port (AGP)), and/or an adaptivefull frame anti-aliasing. The memory controller interface is operable tointeract with a display memory (e.g., double data rate (DDR) memory), apixel cache, the command CPU, the host bus, and a display engine. Thecommand CPU is operable to exchange data with the display engine.

FIG. 107 illustrates one embodiment of a display engine operable tointeract with a graphics processing unit (GPU) according to the presentinvention. In a preferred embodiment, the display engine operable tointeract with the GPU is included on a video card. The video card isoperable to interface with a computer. In a preferred embodiment, thevideo card is operable to be inserted into a connector (e.g., PCIeconnector, PCI connector, accelerated graphics port (AGP) connector,etc.) located within a computer. The computer includes a command centralprocessing unit (CPU). The command CPU is dedicated to communicationbetween the video card and the computer core. The command CPU ispreferably operable to input instructions from an applicationprogramming interface (API). The command CPU is further operable todistribute appropriate commands to components in the video card. Thevideo card further includes a memory controller interface. The memorycontroller interface is preferably a bus including hardware operable tomanage which data is allowed on the bus and where the data is routed.

In one embodiment, the video card includes a plurality of video cardslinked together to allow scaling of graphics processing. In oneembodiment, the plurality of video cards is linked with a PCIeconnector. Other connectors are compatible with the plurality of videocards. In one embodiment, each of the plurality of video cards has thesame technical specifications. In one embodiment, the API includesmethods for scaling the graphics processing, and the command CPU isoperable to distribute the graphics processing across the plurality ofvideo cards. The command CPU is operable to scale up the graphicsprocessing as well as scale down the graphics processing based onprocessing demands and/or power demands of the system.

The display engine is operable to take rendered data from the GPU andconvert the rendered data to a format operable to be displayed on atleast one viewing device. The display engine includes a raster scaler,at least one video display controller (e.g., XYZ video displaycontroller, RGB video display controller, ICTCP video displaycontroller), a color channel-to-XYZ converter, a linear converter, ascaler and/or limiter, a multi-column LUT with at least three columns(e.g., three-dimensional (3D) LUT (e.g., 129³ LUT)), an XYZ-to-Yxyconverter, a non-linear function and/or tone curve applicator (e.g., ½gamma), a sampling selector, a video bus, and/or at least one outputformatter and/or encoder (e.g., ST 2082, ST 2110, DisplayPort, HDMI). Inone embodiment, the color channel-to-XYZ converter includes anRGB-to-XYZ converter. Additionally or alternatively, the colorchannel-to-XYZ converter includes an IC_(T)C_(P)-to-XYZ converter and/oran ACES-to-XYZ converter. The video bus is operable to receive inputfrom a graphics display controller and/or at least one input device(e.g., a cursor, a mouse, a joystick, a keyboard, a videogamecontroller, etc.).

The video card is operable to connect through any number of lanesprovided by hardware on the computer. The video card is operable tocommunicate through a communication interface including, but not limitedto, a PCIe Physical Layer (PHY) interface. In one embodiment, thecommunication interface is an API supported by the computer (e.g.,OpenGL, Direct3D, OpenCL, Vulkan). Image data in the form of vector dataor bitmap data is output from the communication interface into thecommand CPU. The communication interface is operable to notify thecommand CPU when image data is available. The command CPU opens the busbidirectional gate and instructs the memory controller interface totransmit the image data to a double data rate (DDR) memory. The memorycontroller interface is operable to open a path from the DDR memory toallow the image data to pass to the GPU for rendering. After rendering,the image data is channeled back to the DDR for storage pending outputprocessing by the display engine.

After the image data is rendered and stored in the DDR memory, thecommand CPU instructs the memory controller interface to allow renderedimage data to load into the raster scaler. The command CPU loads theraster scaler with framing information. The framing informationincludes, but is not limited to, a start of file (SOF) identifier, anend of file (EOF) identifier, a pixel count, a pixel order,multi-primary data (e.g., RGBCMY data), and/or a frame rate. In oneembodiment, the framing information includes HDMI and/or DisplayPort(e.g., CTA 861 format) information. In one embodiment, Extended DisplayIdentification Data (EDID) is operable to override specifications in theAPI. The raster scaler provides output as image data formatted as araster in the same format as the file which being read (e.g., RGB, XYZ,Yxy). In one embodiment, the output of the raster scaler is RGB data,XYZ data, or Yxy data. Alternatively, the output of the raster scaler isYu′v′ data, ICTCP data, or ACES data.

In one embodiment, the output of the raster scaler is sent to a graphicsdisplay controller. In one embodiment, the graphics display controlleris operable to provide display information for a graphical userinterface (GUI). In one embodiment, the RGB video controller and the XYZvideo controller block image data from entering the video bus. Rasterdata includes, but is not limited to, synchronization data, an SOF, anEOF, a frame rate, a pixel order, multi-primary data (e.g., RGBCMYdata), and/or a pixel count. In one embodiment, the raster data islimited to an RGB output that is operable to be transmitted to the atleast one output formatter and/or encoder.

For common video display, a separate path is included. The separate pathis operable to provide outputs including, but not limited to, SMPTE SDI,Ethernet, DisplayPort, and/or HDMI to the at least one output formatterand/or encoder. The at least one video display controller (e.g., RGBvideo display controller) is operable to limit and/or optimize videodata for streaming and/or compression. In one embodiment, the RGB videodisplay controller and the XYZ video display controller block image datafrom entering the video bus.

In a preferred embodiment, image data is provided by the raster scalerin the format provided by the file being played (e.g., RGB,multi-primary (e.g., RGBCMY), XYZ, Yxy). In one embodiment, the rasterscaler presets the XYZ video display controller as the format providedand contained within the raster size to be displayed. In one embodiment,non-linear information (e.g., OOTF) sent from the API through thecommand CPU is sent to the linear converter. The linear converter isoperable to use the non-linear information. For example, if the imagedata was authored using an OETF, then an inverse of the OETF is operableto be used by the linear converter, or, if the image information alreadyhas an EOTF applied, the inverse of the EOTF is operable to be used bythe linear converter. In one embodiment, the linear converter developsan EOTF map to linearize input data (e.g., when EOTF data is available).In one embodiment, the linear converter uses an EOTF when alreadyavailable. After linear data is loaded and a summation process isdeveloped, the XYZ video display controller passes the image data in itsnative format (e.g., RGB, multi-primary data (e.g., RGBCMY), XYZ, Yxy),but without a non-linearity applied to the luminance (e.g., Y)component. The color channel-to-XYZ converter is operable to accept anative format (e.g., RGB, multi-primary data (e.g., RGBCMY), XYZ, Yxy)and convert to an XYZ format. In one embodiment, the XYZ format includesat least one chromatic adaptation (e.g., D60 to D65). For RGB, the XYZvideo display controller uses data supplied from the command CPU, whichobtains color gamut and white point specifications from the API toconvert to an XYZ output. For a multi-primary system, a correspondingmatrix or a look-up table (LUT) is used to convert from themulti-primary system to XYZ. In one embodiment, the multi-primary systemis RGBCMY (e.g., 6P-B, 6P-C, S6Pa, S6Pb). For a Yxy system, the colorchannel-to-XYZ converter formats the Yxy data back to XYZ data. Inanother embodiment, the color channel-to-XYZ converter is bypassed. Forexample, the color channel-to-XYZ converter is bypassed if there is arequirement to stay within a multi-primary system. Additionally, thecolor channel-to-XYZ converter is bypassed for XYZ data.

In one embodiment, the input to the scaler and/or limiter is XYZ data ormulti-primary data. In one embodiment, the multi-primary data includes,but is not limited to, RGBCMY (e.g., 6P-B, 6P-C, S6Pa, S6Pb), RGBC,RG₁G₂B, RGBCW, RGBCY, RG₁G₂BW, RGBW_(R)W_(G)W_(B), or R₁R₂G₁G₂B₁B₂.Other multi-primary data formats are compatible with the presentinvention. The scaler and/or limiter is operable to map out of gamutvalues (e.g., negative values) to in gamut values (e.g., out of gamutvalues developed in the process to convert to XYZ). In one embodiment,the scaler and/or limiter uses a gamut mapping algorithm to map out ofgamut values to in gamut values.

In one embodiment, the input to the scaler and/or limiter ismulti-primary data and all channels are optimized to have values between0 and 1. For example, if the input is RGBCMY data, all six channels areoptimized to have values between 0 and 1. In one embodiment, the outputof the scaler and/or limiter is operable to be placed into athree-dimensional (3-D) multi-column LUT. In one embodiment, the 3-Dmulti-column LUT includes one column for each channel. For example, ifthe output is RGBCMY data, the 3-D multi-column LUT includes six columns(i.e., one for each channel). Within the application feeding the API,each channel is operable to be selected to balance out the white pointand/or shade the image toward one particular color channel. In oneembodiment, the 3-D multi-column LUT is bypassed if the output of thescaler and/or limiter is XYZ data. The output of the 3-D multi-columnLUT is sent to the XYZ-to-Yxy converter, where a simple summationprocess is used to make the conversion. In one embodiment, if the videodata is RGBCMY, the XYZ-to-Yxy converter process is bypassed.

Because the image data is linear, any tone curve can be added to theluminance (e.g., Y). The advantage to the present invention using, e.g.,Yxy data or Yu′v′ data, is that only the luminance needs a tone curvemodification. L*a*b* has a ⅓ gamma applied to all three channels. IPTand ICTCP operate with a gamma in all three channels. The tone curve isoperable to be added to the luminance (e.g., Y) only, with thecolorimetric coordinates (e.g., x and y channels, u′ and v′ channels)remaining linear. The tone curve is operable to be anything (e.g., anon-linear function), including standard values currently used. In oneembodiment, the tone curve is an EOTF (e.g., those described fortelevision and/or digital cinema). Additionally or alternatively, thetone curve includes HDR modifications.

In one embodiment, the output is handled through this process as threeto six individual components (e.g., three components for Yxy or XYZ, sixcomponents for RGBCMY, etc.). Alternative number of primaries andcomponents are compatible with the present invention. However, in someserial formats, this level of payload is too large. In one embodiment,the sampling selector sets a sampling structure (e.g., 4:4:4, 4:2:2,4:2:0, 4:1:1). In one embodiment, the sampling selector is operable tosubsample processed image data. The sampling selector is preferablycontrolled by the command CPU. In one embodiment, the command CPU getsits information from the API and/or the display EDID. In a preferredembodiment, the sampling selector also places each component in thecorrect serial data position as shown in Table 8 (supra).

The output of the sampling select is fed to the main video bus, whichintegrates SOF and EOF information into the image data. It thendistributes this to the at least one output formatter and/or encoder. Inone embodiment, the output is RGBCMY. In one embodiment, the RGBCMYoutput is configured as 4:4:4:4:4:4 data. The format to the at least oneviewing device includes, but is not limited to, SMPTE ST2082 (e.g., 3,6, and 12G serial data output), SMPTE ST2110 (e.g., to move throughethernet), and/or CTA 861 (e.g., DisplayPort, HDMI). The video cardpreferably has the appropriate connectors (e.g., DisplayPort, HDMI) fordistribution through any external system (e.g., computer) and connectionto at least one viewing device (e.g., monitor, television, etc.). The atleast one viewing device includes, but is not limited to, a smartphone,a tablet, a laptop screen, a light emitting diode (LED) display, anorganic light emitting diode (OLED) display, a miniLED display, amicroLED display, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a quantum dot display,a quantum nano emitting diode (QNED) device, a personal gaming device, avirtual reality (VR) device and/or an augmented reality (AR) device, anLED wall, a wearable display, and at least one projector. In oneembodiment, the at least one viewing device is a single viewing device.

Six-Primary Color Encode Using a 4:4:4 Sampling Method

FIG. 30 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system encodeusing a 4:4:4 sampling method.

Subjective testing during the development and implementation of thecurrent digital cinema system (DCI Version 1.2) showed that perceptiblequantizing artifacts were not noticeable with system bit resolutionshigher than 11 bits. Current serial digital transport systems support 12bits. Remapping six color components to a 12-bit stream is accomplishedby lowering the bit limit to 11 bits (values 0 to 2047) for 12-bitserial systems or 9 bits (values 0 to 512) for 10-bit serial systems.This process is accomplished by processing multi-primary (e.g., RGBCMY)video information through a standard Optical Electronic TransferFunction (OETF) (e.g., ITU-R BT.709-6), digitizing the video informationas four samples per pixel, and quantizing the video information as11-bit or 9-bit.

In another embodiment, the multi-primary (e.g., RGBCMY) videoinformation is processed through a standard Optical Optical TransferFunction (OOTF). In yet another embodiment, the multi-primary (e.g.,RGBCMY) video information is processed through a Transfer Function (TF)other than OETF or OOTF. TFs consist of two components, a ModulationTransfer Function (MTF) and a Phase Transfer Function (PTF). The MTF isa measure of the ability of an optical system to transfer various levelsof detail from object to image. In one embodiment, performance ismeasured in terms of contrast (degrees of gray), or of modulation,produced for a perfect source of that detail level. The PTF is a measureof the relative phase in the image(s) as a function of frequency. Arelative phase change of 180°, for example, indicates that black andwhite in the image are reversed. This phenomenon occurs when the TFbecomes negative.

There are several methods for measuring MTF. In one embodiment, MTF ismeasured using discrete frequency generation. In one embodiment, MTF ismeasured using continuous frequency generation. In another embodiment,MTF is measured using image scanning. In another embodiment, MTF ismeasured using waveform analysis.

In one embodiment, the six-primary color system is for a 12-bit serialsystem. Current practices normally set black at bit value 0 and white atbit value 4095 for 12-bit video. In order to package six colors into theexisting three-serial streams, the bit defining black is moved to bitvalue 2048. Thus, the new encode has RGB values starting at bit value2048 for black and bit value 4095 for white and non-RGB primary (e.g.,CMY) values starting at bit value 2047 for black and bit value 0 aswhite. In another embodiment, the six-primary color system is for a10-bit serial system.

FIG. 31 illustrates one embodiment for a method to package six channelsof primary information into the three standard primary channels used incurrent serial video standards by modifying bit numbers for a 12-bit SDIand a 10-bit SDI. FIG. 32 illustrates a simplified diagram estimatingperceived viewer sensation as code values define each hue angle. TABLE 9and TABLE 10 list bit assignments for computer, production, andbroadcast for a 12-bit system and a 10-bit system, respectively. In oneembodiment, bit assignments for “Computer” refers to bit assignmentscompatible with CTA 861-G, November 2016, which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety. In one embodiment, bit assignments for“Production” and/or “Broadcast” refer to bit assignments compatible withSMPTE ST 2082-0 (2016), SMPTE ST 2082-1 (2015), SMPTE ST 2082-10 (2015),SMPTE ST 2082-11 (2016), SMPTE ST 2082-12 (2016), SMPTE ST 2110-10(2017), SMPTE ST 2110-20 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-21 (2017), SMPTE ST2110-30 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-31 (2018), and/or SMPTE ST 2110-40 (2018),each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TABLE 9 12-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast RGB CMY RGB CMYRGB CMY Peak Brightness 4095 0 4076 16 3839 256 Minimum Brightness 20482047 2052 2032 2304 1792

TABLE 10 10-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast RGB CMY RGBCMY RGB CMY Peak Brightness 1023 0 1019 4 940 64 Minimum Brightness 512511 516 508 576 448

In one embodiment, the OETF process is defined in ITU-R BT.709-6,published in 2015, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. In one embodiment, the OETF process is defined in ITU-RBT.709-5, published in 2002, which is incorporated herein by referencein its entirety. In another embodiment, the OETF process is defined inITU-R BT.709-4, published in 2000, which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety. In yet another embodiment, the OETF processis defined in ITU-R BT.709-3, published in 1998, which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. In yet another embodiment, the OETFprocess is defined in ITU-R BT.709-2, published in 1995, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In yet anotherembodiment, the OETF process is defined in ITU-R BT.709-1, published in1993, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In one embodiment, the encoder is a non-constant luminance encoder. Inanother embodiment, the encoder is a constant luminance encoder.

Six-Primary Color Packing/Stacking Using a 4:4:4 Sampling Method

FIG. 33 illustrates one embodiment for a method of stacking/encodingsix-primary color information using a 4:4:4 video system. Image datamust be assembled according the serial system used. This is not aconversion process, but instead is a packing/stacking process. In oneembodiment, the packing/stacking process is for a six-primary colorsystem using a 4:4:4 sampling method.

FIG. 34 illustrates one embodiment for a method of unstacking/decodingsix-primary color information using a 4:4:4 video system. In oneembodiment, the RGB channels and the non-RGB (e.g., CMY) channels arecombined into one 12-bit word and sent to a standardized transportformat. In one embodiment, the standardized transport format is SMPTEST424 SDI. In one embodiment, the decode is for a non-constantluminance, six-primary color system. In another embodiment, the decodeis for a constant luminance, six-primary color system. In yet anotherembodiment, an electronic optical transfer function (EOTF) (e.g., ITU-RBT.1886) coverts image data back to linear for display. In oneembodiment, the EOTF is defined in ITU-R BT.1886 (2011), which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. FIG. 35 illustratesone embodiment of a 4:4:4 decoder.

System 2 uses sequential mapping to the standard transport format, so itincludes a delay for the non-RGB (e.g., CMY) data. The non-RGB (e.g.,CMY) data is recovered in the decoder by delaying the RGB data. Sincethere is no stacking process, the full bit level video can betransported. For displays that are using optical filtering, this RGBdelay could be removed and the process of mapping image data to thecorrect filter could be eliminated by assuming this delay with placementof the optical filter and the use of sequential filter colors.

Two methods can be used based on the type of optical filter used. Sincethis system is operating on a horizontal pixel sequence, some verticalcompensation is required and pixels are rectangular. This can be eitheras a line double repeat using the same multi-primary (e.g., RGBCMY) datato fill the following line as shown in FIG. 36, or could be separated asRGB on line one and non-RGB (e.g., CMY) on line two as shown in FIG. 37.The format shown in FIG. 37 allows for square pixels, but the non-RGB(e.g., CMY) components require a line delay for synchronization. Otherpatterns eliminating the white subpixel are also compatible with thepresent invention.

FIG. 38 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention for sendingsix primary colors to a standardized transport format using a 4:4:4encoder according to System 2. Encoding is straight forward with a pathfor RGB sent directly to the transport format. RGB data is mapped toeach even numbered data segment in the transport. Non-RGB (e.g., CMY)data is mapped to each odd numbered segment. Because differentresolutions are used in all of the standardized transport formats, theremust be identification for what they are so that the start of eachhorizontal line and horizontal pixel count can be identified to time theRGB/non-RGB (e.g., CMY) mapping to the transport. The identification isthe same as currently used in each standardized transport function.TABLE 11, TABLE 12, TABLE 13, and TABLE 14 list 16-bit assignments,12-bit assignments, 10-bit assignments, and 8-bit assignments,respectively. In one embodiment, “Computer” bit assignments refer to bitassignments compatible with CTA 861-G, November 2016, which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment,“Production” and/or “Broadcast” bit assignments refer to bit assignmentscompatible with SMPTE ST 2082-0 (2016), SMPTE ST 2082-1 (2015), SMPTE ST2082-10 (2015), SMPTE ST 2082-11 (2016), SMPTE ST 2082-12 (2016), SMPTEST 2110-10 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-20 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-21 (2017),SMPTE ST 2110-30 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-31 (2018), and/or SMPTE ST2110-40 (2018), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

TABLE 11 16-Bit Assignments Computer Production RGB CMY RGB CMY PeakBrightness 65536 65536 65216 65216 Minimum Brightness 0 0 256 256

TABLE 12 12-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast RGB CMY RGBCMY RGB CMY Peak Brightness 4095 4095 4076 4076 3839 3839 MinimumBrightness 0 0 16 16 256 256

TABLE 13 10-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast RGB CMY RGBCMY RGB CMY Peak Brightness 1023 1023 1019 1019 940 940 MinimumBrightness 0 0 4 4 64 64

TABLE 14 8-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast RGB CMY RGB CMYRGB CMY Peak Brightness 255 255 254 254 235 235 Minimum Brightness 0 0 11 16 16

The decode adds a pixel delay to the RGB data to realign the channels toa common pixel timing. EOTF is applied and the output is sent to thenext device in the system. Metadata based on the standardized transportformat is used to identify the format and image resolution so that theunpacking from the transport can be synchronized. FIG. 39 shows oneembodiment of a decoding with a pixel delay.

In one embodiment, the decoding is 4:4:4 decoding. With this method, thesix-primary color decoder is in the signal path, where 11-bit values forRGB are arranged above bit value 2048, while non-RGB (e.g., CMY) levelsare arranged below bit value 2047 as 11-bit. If the same data set issent to a display and/or process that is not operable for six-primarycolor processing, the image data is assumed as black at bit value 0 as afull 12-bit word. Decoding begins by tapping image data prior to theunstacking process.

Six-Primary Color Encode Using a 4:2:2 Sampling Method

In one embodiment, the packing/stacking process is for a six-primarycolor system using a 4:2:2 sampling method. In order to fit the newsix-primary color system into a lower bandwidth serial system, whilemaintaining backwards compatibility, the standard method of convertingfrom six primaries (e.g., RGBCMY) to a luminance and a set of colordifference signals requires the addition of at least one new imagedesignator. In one embodiment, the encoding and/or decoding process iscompatible with transport through SMPTE ST 292-0 (2011), SMPTE ST 292-1(2011, 2012, and/or 2018), SMPTE ST 292-2 (2011), SMPTE ST 2022-1(2007), SMPTE ST 2022-2 (2007), SMPTE ST 2022-3 (2010), SMPTE ST 2022-4(2011), SMPTE ST 2022-5 (2012 and/or 2013), SMPTE ST 2022-6 (2012),SMPTE ST 2022-7 (2013), and/or and CTA 861-G (2106), each of which isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

In order for the system to package all of the image while supportingboth six-primary and legacy displays, an electronic luminance component(Y) must be derived. The first component is: E_(Y) ₆ ′. For an RGBCMYsystem, it can be described as:

E_(Y₆)^(′) = 0.1063E_(Red)^(′) + 0.23195E_(Yellow)^(′) + 0.3576E_(Green)^(′) + 0.19685E_(Cyan)^(′) + 0.0361E_(Blue)^(′) + 0.0712E_(Magenta)^(′)

Critical to getting back to legacy display compatibility, value E_(−Y)′is described as:

E_(−Y)^(′) = E_(Y₆)^(′) − (E_(Cyan)^(′) + E_(Yellow)^(′) + E_(Magenta)^(′))

In addition, at least two new color components are disclosed. These aredesignated as Cc and Cy components. The at least two new colorcomponents include a method to compensate for luminance and enable thesystem to function with older Y Cb Cr infrastructures. In oneembodiment, adjustments are made to Cb and Cr in a Y Cb Crinfrastructure since the related level of luminance is operable fordivision over more components. These new components are as follows:

${E_{CR}^{\prime} = \frac{\left( {E_{R}^{\prime} - E_{Y_{6}}^{\prime}} \right)}{1.7874}},{E_{CB}^{\prime} = \frac{\left( {E_{B}^{\prime} - E_{Y_{6}}^{\prime}} \right)}{1.9278}},{E_{CC}^{\prime} = \frac{\left( {E_{C}^{\prime} - E_{Y_{6}}^{\prime}} \right)}{1.6063}},{E_{CY}^{\prime} = \frac{\left( {E_{Y}^{\prime} - E_{Y_{6}}^{\prime}} \right)}{1.5361}}$

Within such a system, it is not possible to define magenta as awavelength. This is because the green vector in CIE 1976 passes into,and beyond, the CIE designated purple line. Magenta is a sum of blue andred. Thus, in one embodiment, magenta is resolved as a calculation, notas optical data. In one embodiment, both the camera side and the monitorside of the system use magenta filters. In this case, if magenta weredefined as a wavelength, it would not land at the point described.Instead, magenta would appear as a very deep blue which would include anarrow bandwidth primary, resulting in metameric issues from usingnarrow spectral components. In one embodiment, magenta as an integervalue is resolved using the following equation:

$M_{INT} = \left\lbrack \frac{\frac{B_{INT}}{2} + \frac{R_{INT}}{2}}{2} \right\rbrack$

The above equation assists in maintaining the fidelity of a magentavalue while minimizing any metameric errors. This is advantageous overprior art, where magenta appears instead as a deep blue instead of theintended primary color value.

Six-Primary Non-Constant Luminance Encode Using a 4:2:2 Sampling Method

In one embodiment, the six-primary color system using a non-constantluminance encode for use with a 4:2:2 sampling method. In oneembodiment, the encoding process and/or decoding process is compatiblewith transport through SMPTE ST 292-0 (2011), SMPTE ST 292-1 (2011,2012, and/or 2018), SMPTE ST 292-2 (2011), SMPTE ST 2022-1 (2007), SMPTEST 2022-2 (2007), SMPTE ST 2022-3 (2010), SMPTE ST 2022-4 (2011), SMPTEST 2022-5 (2012 and/or 2013), SMPTE ST 2022-6 (2012), SMPTE ST 2022-7(2013), and/or and CTA 861-G (2106), each of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

Current practices use a non-constant luminance path design, which isfound in all the video systems currently deployed. FIG. 40 illustratesone embodiment of an encode process for 4:2:2 video for packaging fivechannels of information into the standard three-channel designs. For4:2:2, a similar method to the 4:4:4 system is used to package fivechannels of information into the standard three-channel designs used incurrent serial video standards. FIG. 40 illustrates 12-bit SDI and10-bit SDI encoding for a 4:2:2 system. TABLE 15 and TABLE 16 list bitassignments for a 12-bit and 10-bit system, respectively. In oneembodiment, “Computer” bit assignments refer to bit assignmentscompatible with CTA 861-G, November 2016, which is incorporated hereinby reference in its entirety. In one embodiment, “Production” and/or“Broadcast” bit assignments refer to bit assignments compatible withSMPTE ST 2082-0 (2016), SMPTE ST 2082-1 (2015), SMPTE ST 2082-10 (2015),SMPTE ST 2082-11 (2016), SMPTE ST 2082-12 (2016), SMPTE ST 2110-10(2017), SMPTE ST 2110-20 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-21 (2017), SMPTE ST2110-30 (2017), SMPTE ST 2110-31 (2018), and/or SMPTE ST 2110-40 (2018),each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TABLE 15 12-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast EY₆ EC_(R),EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) EY₆ EC_(R), EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) EY₆ EC_(R),EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) Peak 4095 4095 0 4076 4076 16 3839 3839 256Brightness Minimum 0 2048 2047 16 2052 2032 256 2304 1792 Brightness

TABLE 16 10-Bit Assignments Computer Production Broadcast EY₆ EC_(R),EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) EY₆ EC_(R), EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) EY₆ EC_(R),EC_(B) EC_(C), EC_(Y) Peak 1023 1023 0 1019 1019 4 940 940 64 BrightnessMinimum 0 512 511 4 516 508 64 576 448 Brightness

FIG. 41 illustrates one embodiment for a non-constant luminance encodingprocess for a six-primary color system. The design of this process issimilar to the designs used in current RGB systems. Input video is sentto the Optical Electronic Transfer Function (OETF) process and then tothe E_(Y) ₆ encoder. The output of this encoder includes all of theimage detail information. In one embodiment, all of the image detailinformation is output as a monochrome image.

The output is then subtracted from E_(R)′, E_(B)′, E_(C)′, and E_(Y)′ tomake the following color difference components:

E_(CR)^(′), E_(CB)^(′),,E_(CC)^(′), E_(CY)^(′)

These components are then half sampled (×2) while E_(Y) ₆ ′ is fullysampled (×4).

FIG. 42 illustrates one embodiment of a packaging process for asix-primary color system. These components are then sent to thepacking/stacking process. Components E_(CY-INT)′ and E_(CC-INT)′ areinverted so that bit 0 now defines peak luminance for the correspondingcomponent. In one embodiment, this is the same packaging processperformed with the 4:4:4 sampling method design, resulting in two 11-bitcomponents combining into one 12-bit component.

Six-Primary Non-Constant Luminance Decode Using a 4:2:2 Sampling Method

FIG. 43 illustrates a 4:2:2 unstack process for a six-primary colorsystem. In one embodiment, the image data is extracted from the serialformat through the normal processes as defined by the serial data formatstandard. In another embodiment, the serial data format standard uses a4:2:2 sampling structure. In yet another embodiment, the serial dataformat standard is SMPTE ST292. The color difference components areseparated and formatted back to valid 11-bit data. ComponentsE_(CY-INT)′ and E_(CC-INT)′ are inverted so that bit value 2047 definespeak color luminance.

FIG. 44 illustrates one embodiment of a process to inversely quantizeeach individual color and pass the data through an electronic opticalfunction transfer (EOTF) in a non-constant luminance system. Theindividual color components, as well as E_(Y) ₆ _(-INT)′ are inverselyquantized and summed to breakout each individual color. Magenta is thencalculated and E_(Y) ₆ _(-INT)′ is combined with these colors to resolvegreen. These calculations then go back through an Electronic OpticalTransfer Function (EOTF) process to output the six-primary color system.

In one embodiment, the decoding is 4:2:2 decoding. This decode followsthe same principles as the 4:4:4 decoder. However, in 4:2:2 decoding, aluminance channel is used instead of discrete color channels. Here,image data is still taken prior to unstack from theE_(CB-INT)′+E_(CY-INT)′ and E_(CR-INT)′+E_(CC-INT)′ channels. With a4:2:2 decoder, a new component, called E_(−Y)′, is used to subtract theluminance levels that are present from the CMY channels from theE_(CB-INT)′+E_(CY-INT)′ and E_(CR-INT)′+E_(CC-INT)′ components. Theresulting output is now the R and B image components of the EOTFprocess. E_(−Y)′ is also sent to the G matrix to convert the luminanceand color difference components to a green output. Thus, R′G′B′ is inputto the EOTF process and output as G_(RGB), R_(RGB), and B_(RGB). Inanother embodiment, the decoder is a legacy RGB decoder for non-constantluminance systems.

In one embodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST292. In one embodiment, thestandard is SMPTE RP431-2. In one embodiment, the standard is ITU-RBT.2020. In another embodiment, the standard is SMPTE RP431-1. Inanother embodiment, the standard is ITU-R BT.1886. In anotherembodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST274. In another embodiment, thestandard is SMPTE ST296. In another embodiment, the standard is SMPTEST2084. In yet another embodiment, the standard is ITU-R BT.2100. In yetanother embodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST424. In yet anotherembodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST425. In yet another embodiment, thestandard is SMPTE ST2110.

Six-Primary Constant Luminance Decode Using a 4:2:2 Sampling Method

FIG. 45 illustrates one embodiment of a constant luminance encode for asix-primary color system. FIG. 46 illustrates one embodiment of aconstant luminance decode for a six-primary color system. The processfor constant luminance encode and decode are very similar. The maindifference being that the management of E_(Y) ₆ is linear. The encodeand decode processes stack into the standard serial data streams in thesame way as is present in a non-constant luminance, six-primary colorsystem. In one embodiment, the stacker design is the same as with thenon-constant luminance system.

System 2 operation is using a sequential method of mapping to thestandard transport instead of the method in System 1 where pixel data iscombined to two color primaries in one data set as an 11-bit word. Theadvantage of System 1 is that there is no change to the standardtransport. The advantage of System 2 is that full bit level video can betransported, but at double the normal data rate.

The difference between the systems is the use of two Y channels inSystem 2. In one embodiment, Y_(RGB) and Y_(CMY) are used to define theluminance value for RGB as one group and CMY for the other. Alternativeprimaries are compatible with the present invention.

FIG. 47 illustrates one example of 4:2:2 non-constant luminanceencoding. Because the RGB and CMY components are mapped at differenttime intervals, there is no requirement for a stacking process and datais fed directly to the transport format. The development of the separatecolor difference components is identical to System 1. Alternativeprimaries are compatible with the present invention.

The encoder for System 2 takes the formatted color components in thesame way as System 1. Two matrices are used to build two luminancechannels. Y_(RGB) contains the luminance value for the RGB colorprimaries. Y_(CMY) contains the luminance value for the CMY colorprimaries. A set of delays are used to sequence the proper channel forY_(RGB), Y_(CMY), and the RBCY channels. Because the RGB and non-RGB(e.g., CMY) components are mapped at different time intervals, there isno requirement for a stacking process, and data is fed directly to thetransport format. The development of the separate color differencecomponents is identical to System 1. The Encoder for System 2 takes theformatted color components in the same way as System 1. Two matrices areused to build two luminance channels: Y_(RGB) contains the luminancevalue for the RGB color primaries and Y_(CMY) contains the luminancevalue for the CMY color primaries. This sequences Y_(RGB), CR, and CCchannels into the even segments of the standardized transport andY_(CMY), CB, and CY into the odd numbered segments. Since there is nocombining color primary channels, full bit levels can be used limitedonly by the design of the standardized transport method. In addition,for use in matrix driven displays, there is no change to the inputprocessing and only the method of outputting the correct color isrequired if the filtering or emissive subpixel is also placedsequentially.

Timing for the sequence is calculated by the source format descriptorwhich then flags the start of video and sets the pixel timing.

FIG. 48 illustrates one embodiment of a non-constant luminance decodingsystem. Decoding uses timing synchronization from the format descriptorand start of video flags that are included in the payload ID, SDP, orEDID tables. This starts the pixel clock for each horizontal line toidentify which set of components are routed to the proper part of thedecoder. A pixel delay is used to realign the color primarily data ofeach subpixel. Y_(RGB) and Y_(CMY) are combined to assemble a new Y₆component which is used to decode the CR, CB, CC, CY, and CM componentsinto RGBCMY.

The constant luminance system is not different from the non-constantluminance system in regard to operation. The difference is that theluminance calculation is done as a linear function instead of includingthe OOTF. FIG. 49 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2 constantluminance encoding system. FIG. 50 illustrates one embodiment of a 4:2:2constant luminance decoding system.

Six-Primary Color System Using a 4:2:0 Sampling System

In one embodiment, the six-primary color system uses a 4:2:0 samplingsystem. The 4:2:0 format is widely used in H.262/MPEG-2, H.264/MPEG-4Part 10 and VC-1 compression. The process defined in SMPTE RP2050-1provides a direct method to convert from a 4:2:2 sample structure to a4:2:0 structure. When a 4:2:0 video decoder and encoder are connectedvia a 4:2:2 serial interface, the 4:2:0 data is decoded and converted to4:2:2 by up-sampling the color difference component. In the 4:2:0 videoencoder, the 4:2:2 video data is converted to 4:2:0 video data bydown-sampling the color difference component.

There typically exists a color difference mismatch between the 4:2:0video data from the 4:2:0 video data to be encoded. Several stages ofcodec concatenation are common through the processing chain. As aresult, color difference signal mismatch between 4:2:0 video data inputto 4:2:0 video encoder and 4:2:0 video output from 4:2:0 video decoderis accumulated and the degradation becomes visible.

Filtering within a Six-Primary Color System Using a 4:2:0 SamplingMethod

When a 4:2:0 video decoder and encoder are connected via a serialinterface, 4:2:0 data is decoded and the data is converted to 4:2:2 byup-sampling the color difference component, and then the 4:2:2 videodata is mapped onto a serial interface. In the 4:2:0 video encoder, the4:2:2 video data from the serial interface is converted to 4:2:0 videodata by down-sampling the color difference component. At least one setof filter coefficients exists for 4:2:0/4:2:2 up-sampling and4:2:2/4:2:0 down-sampling. The at least one set of filter coefficientsprovide minimally degraded 4:2:0 color difference signals inconcatenated operations.

Filter Coefficients in a Six-Primary Color System Using a 4:2:0 SamplingMethod

FIG. 51 illustrates one embodiment of a raster encoding diagram ofsample placements for a six-primary color 4:2:0 progressive scan system.Within this compression process, horizontal lines show the raster on adisplay matrix. Vertical lines depict drive columns. The intersection ofthese is a pixel calculation. Data around a particular pixel is used tocalculate color and brightness of the subpixels. Each “X” showsplacement timing of the E_(Y) ₆ _(-INT) sample. Red dots depictplacement of the E_(CR-INT)′+E_(CC-INT)′ sample. Blue triangles showplacement of the E_(CB-INT)′+E_(CY-INT)′ sample.

In one embodiment, the raster is an RGB raster. In another embodiment,the raster is a RGBCMY raster.

Six-Primary Color System Backwards Compatibility

By designing the color gamut within the saturation levels of standardformats and using inverse color primary positions, it is easy to resolvean RGB image with minimal processing. In one embodiment for six-primaryencoding, image data is split across three color channels in a transportsystem. In one embodiment, the image data is read as six-primary data.In another embodiment, the image data is read as RGB data. Bymaintaining a standard white point, the axis of modulation for eachchannel is considered as values describing two colors (e.g., blue andyellow) for a six-primary system or as a single color (e.g., blue) foran RGB system. This is based on where black is referenced. In oneembodiment of a six-primary color system, black is decoded at amid-level value. In an RGB system, the same data stream is used, butblack is referenced at bit zero, not a mid-level.

In one embodiment, the RGB values encoded in the 6P stream are based onITU-R BT.709. In another embodiment, the RGB values encoded are based onSMPTE RP431. Advantageously, these two embodiments require almost noprocessing to recover values for legacy display.

Two decoding methods are proposed. The first is a preferred method thatuses very limited processing, negating any issues with latency. Thesecond is a more straightforward method using a set of matrices at theend of the signal path to conform the 6P image to RGB.

In one embodiment, the decoding is for a 4:4:4 system. In oneembodiment, the assumption of black places the correct data with eachchannel. If the 6P decoder is in the signal path, 11-bit values for RGBare arranged above bit value 2048, while CMY level are arranged belowbit value 2047 as 11-bit. However, if this same data set is sent to adisplay or process that is does not understand 6P processing, then thatimage data is assumed as black at bit value 0 as a full 12-bit word.

FIG. 52 illustrates one embodiment of the six-primary color unstackprocess in a 4:2:2 video system. Decoding starts by tapping image dataprior to the unstacking process. The input to the 6P unstack will map asshown in FIG. 53. The output of the 6P decoder will map as shown in FIG.54. This same data is sent uncorrected as the legacy RGB image data. Theinterpretation of the RGB decode will map as shown in FIG. 55.

Alternatively, the decoding is for a 4:2:2 system. This decode uses thesame principles as the 4:4:4 decoder, but because a luminance channel isused instead of discrete color channels, the processing is modified.Legacy image data is still taken prior to unstack from theE_(CB-INT)′+E_(CY-INT)′ and E_(CR-INT)′+E_(CC-INT)′ channels as shown inFIG. 56.

FIG. 57 illustrates one embodiment of a non-constant luminance decoderwith a legacy process. The dotted box marked (1) shows the process wherea new component called E_(−Y)′ is used to subtract the luminance levelsthat are present from the CMY channels from the E_(CB-INT)′+E_(CY-INT)′and E_(CR-INT)′+E_(CC-INT)′ components as shown in box (2). Theresulting output is now the R and B image components of the EOTFprocess. E_(−Y)′ is also sent to the G matrix to convert the luminanceand color difference components to a green output as shown in box (3).Thus, R′G′B′ is input to the EOTF process and output as G_(RGB),R_(RGB), and B_(RGB). In another embodiment, the decoder is a legacy RGBdecoder for non-constant luminance systems.

For a constant luminance system, the process is very similar with theexception that green is calculated as linear as shown in FIG. 58.

Six-Primary Color System Using a Matrix Output

In one embodiment, the six-primary color system outputs a legacy RGBimage. This requires a matrix output to be built at the very end of thesignal path. FIG. 59 illustrates one embodiment of a legacy RGB imageoutput at the end of the signal path. The design logic of the C, M, andY primaries is in that they are substantially equal in saturation andplaced at substantially inverted hue angles compared to R, G, and Bprimaries, respectively. In one embodiment, substantially equal insaturation refers to a ±10% difference in saturation values for the C,M, and Y primaries in comparison to saturation values for the R, G, andB primaries, respectively. In addition, substantially equal insaturation covers additional percentage differences in saturation valuesfalling within the ±10% difference range. For example, substantiallyequal in saturation further covers a ±7.5% difference in saturationvalues for the C, M, and Y primaries in comparison to the saturationvalues for the R, G, and B primaries, respectively; a ±5% difference insaturation values for the C, M, and Y primaries in comparison to thesaturation values for the R, G, and B primaries, respectively; a ±2%difference in saturation values for the C, M, and Y primaries incomparison to the saturation values for the R, G, and B primaries,respectively; a ±1% difference in saturation values for the C, M, and Yprimaries in comparison to the saturation values for the R, G, and Bprimaries, respectively; and/or a ±0.5% difference in saturation valuesfor the C, M, and Y primaries in comparison to the saturation values forthe R, G, and B primaries, respectively. In a preferred embodiment, theC, M, and Y primaries are equal in saturation to the R, G, and Bprimaries, respectively. For example, the cyan primary is equal insaturation to the red primary, the magenta primary is equal insaturation to the green primary, and the yellow primary is equal insaturation to the blue primary.

In an alternative embodiment, the saturation values of the C, M, and Yprimaries are not required to be substantially equal to their corollaryprimary saturation value among the R, G, and B primaries, but aresubstantially equal in saturation to a primary other than theircorollary R, G, or B primary value. For example, the C primarysaturation value is not required to be substantially equal in saturationto the R primary saturation value, but rather is substantially equal insaturation to the G primary saturation value and/or the B primarysaturation value. In one embodiment, two different color saturations areused, wherein the two different color saturations are based onstandardized gamuts already in use.

In one embodiment, substantially inverted hue angles refers to a ±10%angle range from an inverted hue angle (e.g., 180 degrees). In addition,substantially inverted hue angles cover additional percentagedifferences within the ±10% angle range from an inverted hue angle. Forexample, substantially inverted hue angles further covers a ±7.5% anglerange from an inverted hue angle, a ±5% angle range from an inverted hueangle, a ±2% angle range from an inverted hue angle, a ±1% angle rangefrom an inverted hue angle, and/or a ±0.5% angle range from an invertedhue angle. In a preferred embodiment, the C, M, and Y primaries areplaced at inverted hue angles (e.g., 180 degrees) compared to the R, G,and B primaries, respectively.

In one embodiment, the gamut is the ITU-R BT.709-6 gamut. In anotherembodiment, the gamut is the SMPTE RP431-2 gamut.

The unstack process includes output as six, 11-bit color channels thatare separated and delivered to a decoder. To convert an image from asix-primary color system to an RGB image, at least two matrices areused. One matrix is a 3×3 matrix converting a six-primary color systemimage to XYZ values. A second matrix is a 3×3 matrix for converting fromXYZ to the proper RGB color space. In one embodiment, XYZ valuesrepresent additive color space values, where XYZ matrices representadditive color space matrices. Additive color space refers to theconcept of describing a color by stating the amounts of primaries that,when combined, create light of that color.

When a six-primary display is connected to the six-primary output, eachchannel will drive each color. When this same output is sent to an RGBdisplay, the non-RGB (e.g., CMY) channels are ignored and only the RGBchannels are displayed. An element of operation is that both systemsdrive from the black area. At this point in the decoder, all are codedas bit value 0 being black and bit value 2047 being peak colorluminance. This process can also be reversed in a situation where an RGBsource can feed a six-primary display. The six-primary display wouldthen have no information for the non-RGB (e.g., CMY) channels and woulddisplay the input in a standard RGB gamut. FIG. 60 illustrates oneembodiment of six-primary color output using a non-constant luminancedecoder. FIG. 61 illustrates one embodiment of a legacy RGB processwithin a six-primary color system.

The design of this matrix is a modification of the CIE process toconvert RGB to XYZ. First, u′y′ values are converted back to CIE 1931xyz values using the following formulas:

$x = \frac{9u^{\prime}}{\left( {{6u^{\prime}} - {16v^{\prime}} + 12} \right)}$$y = \frac{4v^{\prime}}{\left( {{6u^{\prime}} - {16v^{\prime}} + 12} \right)}$z = 1 − x − y

Next, RGBCMY values are mapped to a matrix. The mapping is dependentupon the gamut standard being used. In one embodiment, the gamut isITU-R BT.709-6. The mapping for RGBCMY values for an ITU-R BT.709-6(6P-B) gamut are:

$\left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}\; & x & y & z \\R & 0.640 & 0.330 & 0.030 \\G & 0.300 & 0.660 & 0.100 \\B & 0.150 & 0.060 & 0.790 \\C & 0.439 & 0.540 & 0.021 \\Y & 0.165 & 0.327 & 0.509 \\M & 0.320 & 0.126 & 0.554\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}\; & R & G & B & C & Y & M \\x & {{0.6}40} & {{0.3}00} & {{0.1}50} & {{0.4}39} & {{0.1}65} & {{0.3}19} \\y & {{0.3}30} & {{0.6}00} & {{0.0}60} & {{0.5}40} & {{0.3}27} & {{0.1}26} \\z & {{0.0}30} & {{0.1}00} & {{0.7}90} & {{0.0}21} & {{0.5}09} & {{0.5}54}\end{pmatrix}} \right\rbrack = \begin{pmatrix}{{0.5}19} & {{0.3}93} & {{0.1}40} \\{{0.3}93} & {{0.4}60} & {{0.1}60} \\{{0.1}40} & {{0.1}60} & {{0.6}50}\end{pmatrix}$

In one embodiment, the gamut is SMPTE RP431-2. The mapping for RGBCMYvalues for a SMPTE RP431-2 (6P-C) gamut are:

$\left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}\; & x & y & z \\R & 0.680 & 0.320 & 0.000 \\G & 0.264 & 0.691 & 0.045 \\B & 0.150 & 0.060 & 0.790 \\C & 0.450 & 0.547 & 0.026 \\Y & 0.163 & 0.342 & 0.496 \\M & 0.352 & 0.142 & 0.505\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}\; & R & G & B & C & Y & M \\x & {{0.6}80} & {{0.2}64} & {{0.1}50} & {{0.4}50} & {{0.1}63} & {{0.3}52} \\y & {{0.3}20} & {{0.6}90} & {{0.0}60} & {{0.5}47} & {{0.3}42} & {{0.1}42} \\z & {{0.0}00} & {{0.0}45} & {{0.7}90} & {{0.0}26} & {{0.4}96} & {{0.5}05}\end{pmatrix}} \right\rbrack = \begin{pmatrix}{{0.5}65} & {{0.4}00} & {{0.1}21} \\{{0.4}00} & {{0.5}49} & {{0.1}17} \\{{0.1}21} & {{0.1}17} & {{0.6}50}\end{pmatrix}$

Following mapping the RGBCMY values to a matrix, a white pointconversion occurs:

$X = \frac{x}{y}$ Y = 1 Z = 1 − x − y

For a six-primary color system using an ITU-R BT.709-6 (6P-B) colorgamut, the white point is D65:

${{0.9}504} = \frac{{0.3}127}{{0.3}290}$ 0.3584 = 1 − 0.3127 − 0.3290

For a six-primary color system using a SMPTE RP431-2 (6P-C) color gamut,the white point is D60:

${{0.9}541} = \frac{{0.3}218}{{0.3}372}$ 0.3410 = 1 − 0.3218 − 0.3372

Following the white point conversion, a calculation is required for RGBsaturation values, S_(R), S_(G), and S_(B). The results from the secondoperation are inverted and multiplied with the white point XYZ values.In one embodiment, the color gamut used is an ITU-R BT.709-6 colorgamut. The values calculate as:

$\begin{bmatrix}S_{R} \\S_{G} \\S_{B}\end{bmatrix}^{{ITU} - {R\mspace{14mu}{{BT} \cdot 709}} - 6} = \left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}{{5.4}45} & {{- {4.6}}44} & {{- {0.0}}253} \\{{- {4.6}}44} & {{6.3}37} & {{- {0.5}}63} \\{{- {0.0}}253} & {{- {0.5}}63} & {{1.6}82}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}{{0.9}50} \\1 \\{{0.3}58}\end{pmatrix}} \right\rbrack$

Where

$\begin{bmatrix}S_{R} \\S_{G} \\S_{B}\end{bmatrix}^{{ITU} - {R\mspace{14mu}{{BT} \cdot 709}} - 6} = \begin{bmatrix}{{0.5}22} \\{{1.7}22} \\{{0.0}15}\end{bmatrix}$

In one embodiment, the color gamut is a SMPTE RP431-2 color gamut. Thevalues calculate as:

$\begin{bmatrix}S_{R} \\S_{G} \\S_{B}\end{bmatrix}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{14mu}{RP}\; 431} - 2} = \left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}{{3.6}92} & {{- {2.6}}49} & {{- {0.2}}11} \\{{- {2.6}}49} & {{3.7}95} & {{- {0.1}}89} \\{{- {0.2}}11} & {{- {0.1}}89} & {{1.6}11}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}{{0.9}54} \\1 \\{{0.3}41}\end{pmatrix}} \right\rbrack$

Where

$\begin{bmatrix}S_{R} \\S_{G} \\S_{B}\end{bmatrix}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{14mu}{RP}\; 431} - 2} = \begin{bmatrix}{{0.8}02} \\{{1.2}03} \\{{0.1}59}\end{bmatrix}$

Next, a six-primary color-to-XYZ matrix must be calculated. For anembodiment where the color gamut is an ITU-R BT.709-6 color gamut, thecalculation is as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix} = \left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}{{0.5}19} & {{0.3}93} & {{0.1}40} \\{{0.3}93} & {{0.4}60} & {{0.1}60} \\{{0.1}40} & {{0.1}60} & {{0.6}50}\end{pmatrix}^{{ITU} - {R\mspace{14mu}{BT}{.709}} - 6}\ \begin{pmatrix}{{0.5}22} & {{1.7}22} & {{0.1}53} \\{{0.5}22} & {{1.7}22} & {{0.1}53} \\{{0.5}22} & {{1.7}22} & {{0.1}53}\end{pmatrix}^{D\; 65}} \right\rbrack$

Wherein the resulting matrix is multiplied by the S_(R)S_(G)S_(B)matrix:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{0.2}71} & {{0.6}77} & {{0.0}02} \\{{0.2}05} & {{0.7}92} & {{0.0}03} \\{{0.0}73} & {{0.2}76} & {{0.0}10}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B \\C \\Y \\M\end{bmatrix}}^{{ITU} - {R\mspace{14mu}{BT}{.709}} - 6}$

For an embodiment where the color gamut is a SMPTE RP431-2 color gamut,the calculation is as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix} = \left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}{{0.5}65} & {{0.4}01} & {{0.1}21} \\{{0.4}01} & {{0.5}49} & {{0.1}17} \\{{0.1}21} & {{0.1}17} & {{0.6}50}\end{pmatrix}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{14mu}{RP}\; 431} - 2}\ \begin{pmatrix}{{0.8}02} & {{1.2}03} & {{0.1}59} \\{{0.8}02} & {{1.2}03} & {{0.1}59} \\{{0.8}02} & {{1.2}03} & {{0.1}59}\end{pmatrix}^{D\; 60}} \right\rbrack$

Wherein the resulting matrix is multiplied by the S_(R)S_(G)S_(B)matrix:

$\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{0.4}53} & {{0.4}82} & {{0.0}19} \\{{0.3}21} & {{0.6}60} & {{0.0}19} \\{{0.0}97} & {{0.1}41} & {{0.1}03}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B \\C \\Y \\M\end{bmatrix}}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{14mu}{RP}\; 431} - 2}$

Finally, the XYZ matrix must converted to the correct standard colorspace. In an embodiment where the color gamut used is an ITU-R BT709.6color gamut, the matrices are as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}^{{ITU} - {R\mspace{14mu}{BT}\; 709.6}} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{3.2}41} & {{- {1.5}}37} & {{- {0.4}}99} \\{{- {0.9}}69} & {{1.8}76} & {{0.0}42} \\{{0.0}56} & {{- {0.2}}04} & {{1.0}57}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}$

In an embodiment where the color gamut used is a SMPTE RP431-2 colorgamut, the matrices are as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{14mu}{RP}\; 431} - 2} = {\begin{bmatrix}{{2.7}3} & {{- {1.0}}18} & {{- {0.4}}40} \\{{- {0.7}}95} & {{1.6}90} & {{0.0}23} \\{{0.0}41} & {{- {0.0}}88} & {{1.1}01}\end{bmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}X \\Y \\Z\end{bmatrix}}$

Packing a Six-Primary Color System into IC_(T)C_(P)

IC_(T)C_(P) (ITP) is a color representation format specified in the Rec.ITU-R BT.2100 standard that is used as a part of the color imagepipeline in video and digital photography systems for high dynamic range(HDR) and wide color gamut (WCG) imagery. The I (intensity) component isa luma component that represents the brightness of the video. C_(T) andC_(P) are blue-yellow (“tritanopia”) and red-green (“protanopia”) chromacomponents. The format is derived from an associated RGB color space bya coordination transformation that includes two matrix transformationsand an intermediate non-linear transfer function, known as a gammapre-correction. The transformation produces three signals: I, C_(T), andC_(P). The ITP transformation can be used with RGB signals derived fromeither the perceptual quantizer (PQ) or hybrid log-gamma (HLG)nonlinearity functions. The PQ curve is described in ITU-RBT2100-2:2018, Table 4, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety.

FIG. 62 illustrates one embodiment of packing six-primary color systemimage data into an IC_(T)C_(P) (ITP) format. In one embodiment, RGBimage data is converted to an XYZ matrix. The XYZ matrix is thenconverted to an LMS matrix, wherein LMS represents long, medium, andshort cone responses. The LMS matrix is then sent to an opticalelectronic transfer function (OETF). The conversion process isrepresented below:

$\begin{bmatrix}L \\M \\S\end{bmatrix} = {\left\lbrack {\begin{pmatrix}a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}{{0.3}59} & {{0.6}96} & {{- {0.0}}36} \\{{- {0.1}}92} & {{1.1}00} & {{0.0}75} \\{{0.0}07} & {{0.0}75} & {{0.8}43}\end{pmatrix}} \right\rbrack\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B\end{bmatrix}}$

Output from the OETF is converted to ITP format. The resulting matrixis:

$\quad\begin{pmatrix}0.5 & 0.5 & 0 \\1.614 & {- 3.323} & 1.710 \\4.378 & {- 4.246} & {- 0.135}\end{pmatrix}$

FIG. 63 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color systemconverting RGBCMY image data into XYZ image data for an ITP format(e.g., 6P-B, 6P-C). For a six-primary color system, this is modified byreplacing the RGB to XYZ matrix with a process to convert RGBCMY to XYZ.This is the same method as described in the legacy RGB process. The newmatrix is as follows for an ITU-R BT.709-6 (6P-B) color gamut:

$\begin{bmatrix}L \\M \\S\end{bmatrix} = {\begin{pmatrix}{{0.2}71} & {{0.6}77} & {{0.0}02} \\{{0.2}05} & {{0.7}92} & {{0.0}03} \\{{0.0}73} & {{0.2}77} & {{0.1}00}\end{pmatrix}{\begin{pmatrix}{{0.3}59} & {{0.6}96} & {{- {0.0}}36} \\{{- {0.1}}92} & {{1.1}00} & {{0.0}75} \\{{0.0}07} & {{0.0}75} & {{0.8}43}\end{pmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B \\C \\Y \\M\end{bmatrix}}^{{ITU} - {R\mspace{14mu}{BT}{.709}} - 6}}$

RGBCMY data, based on an ITU-R BT.709-6 color gamut, is converted to anXYZ matrix. The resulting XYZ matrix is converted to an LMS matrix,which is sent to an OETF. Once processed by the OETF, the LMS matrix isconverted to an ITP matrix. The resulting ITP matrix is as follows:

$\quad\begin{pmatrix}0.5 & 0.5 & 0 \\1.614 & {- 3.323} & 1.710 \\4.378 & {- 4.246} & {- 0.135}\end{pmatrix}$

In another embodiment, the LMS matrix is sent to an Optical OpticalTransfer Function (OOTF). In yet another embodiment, the LMS matrix issent to a Transfer Function other than OOTF or OETF.

In another embodiment, the RGBCMY data is based on the SMPTE ST431-2(6P-C) color gamut. The matrices for an embodiment using the SMPTEST431-2 color gamut are as follows:

$\begin{bmatrix}L \\M \\S\end{bmatrix} = {\begin{pmatrix}{{0.4}53} & {{0.4}81} & {{0.0}19} \\{{0.3}21} & {{0.6}60} & {{0.0}19} \\{{0.0}97} & {{0.1}41} & {{0.1}03}\end{pmatrix}{\begin{pmatrix}{{0.3}59} & {{0.6}96} & {{- {0.0}}36} \\{{- {0.1}}92} & {{1.1}00} & {{0.0}75} \\{{0.0}07} & {{0.0}75} & {{0.8}43}\end{pmatrix}\begin{bmatrix}R \\G \\B \\C \\Y \\M\end{bmatrix}}^{{{SMPTE}\mspace{14mu}{ST}\; 431} - 2}}$

The resulting ITP matrix is:

$\quad\begin{pmatrix}0.5 & 0.5 & 0 \\1.614 & {- 3.323} & 1.710 \\4.378 & {- 4.246} & {- 0.135}\end{pmatrix}$

The decode process uses the standard ITP decode process, as theS_(R)S_(G)S_(B) cannot be easily inverted. This makes it difficult torecover the six RGBCMY components from the ITP encode. Therefore, thedisplay is operable to use the standard ICtCp decode process asdescribed in the standards and is limited to just RGB output.

Converting to a Five-Color Multi-Primary Display

In one embodiment, the system is operable to convert image dataincorporating five primary colors. In one embodiment, the five primarycolors include Red (R), Green (G), Blue (G), Cyan (C), and Yellow (Y),collectively referred to as RGBCY. In another embodiment, the fiveprimary colors include Red (R), Green (G), Blue (B), Cyan (C), andMagenta (M), collectively referred to as RGBCM. In one embodiment, thefive primary colors do not include Magenta (M).

In one embodiment, the five primary colors include Red (R), Green (G),Blue (B), Cyan (C), and Orange (O), collectively referred to as RGBCO.RGBCO primaries provide optimal spectral characteristics, transmittancecharacteristics, and makes use of a D65 white point. See, e.g.,Moon-Cheol Kim et al., Wide Color Gamut Five Channel Multi-Primary forHDTV Application, Journal of Imaging Sci. & Tech. Vol. 49, No. 6,November/December 2005, at 594-604, which is hereby incorporated byreference in its entirety.

In one embodiment, a five-primary color model is expressed as F=M·C,where F is equal to a tristimulus color vector, F=(X, Y, Z)^(T), and Cis equal to a linear display control vector, C=(C1, C2, C3, C4, C5)^(T).Thus, a conversion matrix for the five-primary color model isrepresented as

$M = \begin{pmatrix}X_{1} & X_{2} & X_{3} & X_{4} & X_{5} \\Y_{1} & Y_{2} & Y_{3} & Y_{4} & Y_{5} \\Z_{1} & Z_{2} & Z_{3} & Z_{4} & Z_{5}\end{pmatrix}$

Using the above equation and matrix, a gamut volume is calculated for aset of given control vectors on the gamut boundary. The control vectorsare converted into CIELAB uniform color space. However, because matrix Mis non-square, the matrix inversion requires splitting the color gamutinto a specified number of pyramids, with the base of each pyramidrepresenting an outer surface and where the control vectors arecalculated using linear equation for each given XYZ triplet presentwithin each pyramid. By separating regions into pyramids, the conversionprocess is normalized. In one embodiment, a decision tree is created inorder to determine which set of primaries are best to define a specifiedcolor. In one embodiment, a specified color is defined by multiple setsof primaries. In order to locate each pyramid, 2D chromaticity look-uptables are used, with corresponding pyramid numbers for inputchromaticity values in xy or u′v′. Typical methods using pyramidsrequire 1000×1000 address ranges in order to properly search theboundaries of adjacent pyramids with look-up table memory. The system ofthe present invention uses a combination of parallel processing foradjacent pyramids and at least one algorithm for verifying solutions bychecking constraint conditions. In one embodiment, the system uses aparallel computing algorithm. In one embodiment, the system uses asequential algorithm. In another embodiment, the system uses abrightening image transformation algorithm. In another embodiment, thesystem uses a darkening image transformation algorithm. In anotherembodiment, the system uses an inverse sinusoidal contrasttransformation algorithm. In another embodiment, the system uses ahyperbolic tangent contrast transformation algorithm. In yet anotherembodiment, the system uses a sine contrast transformation executiontimes algorithm. In yet another embodiment, the system uses a linearfeature extraction algorithm. In yet another embodiment, the system usesa JPEG2000 encoding algorithm. In yet another embodiment, the systemuses a parallelized arithmetic algorithm. In yet another embodiment, thesystem uses an algorithm other than those previously mentioned. In yetanother embodiment, the system uses any combination of theaforementioned algorithms.

Mapping a Six-Primary Color System into Standardized Transport Formats

Each encode and/or decode system fits into existing video serial datastreams that have already been established and standardized. This is keyto industry acceptance. Encoder and/or decoder designs require little orno modification for a six-primary color system to map to these standardserial formats.

FIG. 64 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system mappingto a SMPTE ST424 standard serial format. The SMPTE ST424/ST425 set ofstandards allow very high sampling systems to be passed through a singlecable. This is done by using alternating data streams, each containingdifferent components of the image. For use with a six-primary colorsystem transport, image formats are limited to RGB due to the absence ofa method to send a full bandwidth Y signal.

The process for mapping a six-primary color system to a SMPTE ST425format is the same as mapping to a SMPTE ST424 format. To fit asix-primary color system into a SMPTE ST425/424 stream involves thefollowing substitutions: G_(INT)′+M_(INT)′ is placed in the Green datasegments, R_(INT)′C_(INT)′ is placed in the Red data segments, andB_(INT)′+Y_(INT)′ is placed into the Blue data segments. FIG. 65illustrates one embodiment of an SMPTE 424 6P readout.

System 2 requires twice the data rate as System 1, so it is notcompatible with SMPTE 424. However, it maps easily into SMPTE ST2082using a similar mapping sequence. In one example, System 2 is used tohave the same data speed defined for 8K imaging to show a 4K image.

In one embodiment, sub-image and data stream mapping occur as shown inSMPTE ST2082. An image is broken into four sub-images, and eachsub-image is broken up into two data streams (e.g., sub-image 1 isbroken up into data stream 1 and data stream 2). The data streams areput through a multiplexer and then sent to the interface as shown inFIG. 66.

FIG. 67 and FIG. 68 illustrate serial digital interfaces for asix-primary color system using the SMPTE ST2082 standard. In oneembodiment, the six-primary color system data is RGBCMY data, which ismapped to the SMPTE ST2082 standard (FIG. 67). Data streams 1, 3, 5, and7 follow the pattern shown for data stream 1. Data streams 2, 4, 6, and8 follow the pattern shown for data stream 2. In one embodiment, thesix-primary color system data is Y_(RGB) Y_(CMY) C_(R) C_(B) C_(C) C_(Y)data, which is mapped to the SMPTE ST2082 standard (FIG. 68). Datastreams 1, 3, 5, and 7 follow the pattern shown for data stream 1. Datastreams 2, 4, 6, and 8 follow the pattern shown for data stream 2.

In one embodiment, the standard serial format is SMPTE ST292. SMPTEST292 is an older standard than ST424 and is a single wire format for1.5 GB video, whereas ST424 is designed for up to 3 GB video. However,while ST292 can identify the payload ID of SMPTE ST352, it isconstrained to only accepting an image identified by a hex value, 0h.All other values are ignored. Due to the bandwidth and identificationslimitations in ST292, a component video six-primary color systemincorporates a full bit level luminance component. To fit a six-primarycolor system into a SMPTE ST292 stream involves the followingsubstitutions: E_(Y) ₆ _(-INT)′ is placed in the Y data segments,E_(Cb-INT)′+E_(Cy-INT)′ is placed in the Cb data segments, andE_(Cr-INT)′+E_(Cc-INT)′ is placed in the Cr data segments. In anotherembodiment, the standard serial format is SMPTE ST352.

SMPTE ST292 and ST424 Serial Digital Interface (SDI) formats includepayload identification (ID) metadata to help the receiving deviceidentify the proper image parameters. The tables for this needmodification by adding at least one flag identifying that the imagesource is a six-primary color RGB image. Therefore, six-primary colorsystem format additions need to be added. In one embodiment, thestandard is the SMPTE ST352 standard.

FIG. 69 illustrates one embodiment of an SMPTE ST292 6P mapping. FIG. 70illustrates one embodiment of an SMPTE ST292 6P readout.

FIG. 71 illustrates modifications to the SMPTE ST352 standards for asix-primary color system. Hex code “Bh” identifies a constant luminancesource and flag “Fh” indicates the presence of a six-primary colorsystem. In one embodiment, Fh is used in combination with at least oneother identifier located in byte 3. In another embodiment, the Fh flagis set to 0 if the image data is formatted as System 1 and the Fh flagis set to 1 if the image data is formatted as System 2.

In another embodiment, the standard serial format is SMPTE ST2082. Wherea six-primary color system requires more data, it is not alwayscompatible with SMPTE ST424. However, it maps easily into SMPTE ST2082using the same mapping sequence. This usage has the same data speeddefined for 8K imaging in order to display a 4K image.

In another embodiment, the standard serial format is SMPTE ST2022.Mapping to ST2022 is similar to mapping to ST292 and ST242, but as anETHERNET format. The output of the stacker is mapped to the mediapayload based on Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) 3550, established bythe Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). RTP provides end-to-endnetwork transport functions suitable for applications transmittingreal-time data, including, but not limited to, audio, video, and/orsimulation data, over multicast or unicast network services. The datatransport is augmented by a control protocol (RTCP) to allow monitoringof the data delivery in a manner scalable to large multicast networks,and to provide control and identification functionality. There are nochanges needed in the formatting or mapping of the bit packing describedin SMPTE ST 2022-6: 2012 (HBRMT), which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

FIG. 72 illustrates one embodiment of a modification for a six-primarycolor system using the SMPTE ST2202 standard. For SMPTE ST2202-6:2012(HBRMT), there are no changes needed in formatting or mapping of the bitpacking. ST2022 relies on header information to correctly configure themedia payload. Parameters for this are established within the payloadheader using the video source format fields including, but not limitedto, MAP, FRAME, FRATE, and/or SAMPLE. MAP, FRAME, and FRATE remain asdescribed in the standard. MAP is used to identify if the input is ST292or ST425 (RGB or Y Cb Cr). SAMPLE is operable for modification toidentify that the image is formatted as a six-primary color systemimage. In one embodiment, the image data is sent using flag “0h”(unknown/unspecified).

In another embodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST2110. SMPTE ST2110 is arelatively new standard and defines moving video through an Internetsystem. The standard is based on development from the IETF and isdescribed under RFC3550. Image data is described through “pgroup”construction. Each pgroup consists of an integer number of octets. Inone embodiment, a sample definition is RGB or YCbCr and is described inmetadata. In one embodiment, the metadata format uses a SessionDescription Protocol (SDP) format. Thus, pgroup construction is definedfor 4:4:4, 4:2:2, and 4:2:0 sampling as 8-bit, 10-bit, 12-bit, and insome cases 16-bit and 16-bit floating point wording. In one embodiment,six-primary color image data is limited to a 10-bit depth. In anotherembodiment, six-primary color image data is limited to a 12-bit depth.Where more than one sample is used, it is described as a set. Forexample, 4:4:4 sampling for blue, as a non-linear RGB set, is describedas C0′B, C1′B, C2′B, C3′B, and C4′B. The lowest number index being leftmost within the image. In another embodiment, the method of substitutionis the same method used to map six-primary color content into the ST2110standard.

In another embodiment, the standard is SMPTE ST2110. SMPTE ST2110-20describes the construction for each pgroup. In one embodiment,six-primary color system content arrives for mapping as non-linear datafor the SMPTE ST2110 standard. In another embodiment, six-primary colorsystem content arrives for mapping as linear data for the SMPTE ST2110standard.

FIG. 73 illustrates a table of 4:4:4 sampling for a six-primary colorsystem for a 10-bit video system. For 4:4:4 10-bit video, 15 octets areused and cover 4 pixels.

FIG. 74 illustrates a table of 4:4:4 sampling for a six-primary colorsystem for a 12-bit video system. For 4:4:4 12-bit video, 9 octets areused and cover 2 pixels before restarting the sequence.

Non-linear RGBCMY image data arrives as: G_(INT)′+M_(INT)′,R_(INT)′+C_(INT)′, and B_(INT)′+Y_(INT)′. Component substitution followswhat has been described for SMPTE ST424, where G_(INT)′+M_(INT)′ isplaced in the Green data segments, R_(INT)′+C_(INT)′ is placed in theRed data segments, and B_(INT)′+Y_(INT)′ is placed in the Blue datasegments. The sequence described in the standard is shown as R0′, G0′,B0′, R1′, G1′, B1′, etc.

FIG. 75 illustrates sequence substitutions for 10-bit and 12-bit videoin 4:2:2 sampling systems in a Y Cb Cr Cc Cy color space. Components aredelivered to a 4:2:2 pgroup including, but not limited to, E_(Y) ₆_(-INT)′, E_(Cb-INT)′+E_(Cy-INT)′, and E_(Cr-INT)′+E_(Cc-INT)′. For4:2:2 10-bit video, 5 octets are used and cover 2 pixels beforerestarting the sequence. For 4:2:2 12-bit video, 6 octets are used andcover 2 pixels before restarting the sequence. Component substitutionfollows what has been described for SMPTE ST292, where E_(Y) ₆ _(-INT)′is placed in the Y data segments, E_(Cb-INT)′+E_(Cy-INT)′ is placed inthe Cb data segments, and E_(Cr-INT)′+E_(Cc-INT)′ is placed in the Crdata segments. The sequence described in the standard is shown as Cb0′,Y0′, Cr0′, Y1′, Cr1′, Y3′, Cb2′, Y4′, Cr2′, Y5′, etc. In anotherembodiment, the video data is represented at a bit level other than10-bit or 12-bit. In another embodiment, the sampling system is asampling system other than 4:2:2. In another embodiment, the standard isSTMPE ST2110.

FIG. 76 illustrates sample placements of six-primary system componentsfor a 4:2:2 sampling system image. This follows the substitutionsillustrated in FIG. 75, using a 4:2:2 sampling system.

FIG. 77 illustrates sequence substitutions for 10-bit and 12-bit videoin 4:2:0 sampling systems using a Y Cb Cr Cc Cy color space. Componentsare delivered to a pgroup including, but not limited to, E_(Y) ₆_(-INT)′, E_(Cb-INT)′+E_(Cy-INT)′, and E_(Cr-INT)′+E_(Cc-INT)′. For4:2:0 10-bit video data, 15 octets are used and cover 8 pixels beforerestarting the sequence. For 4:2:0 12-bit video data, 9 octets are usedand cover 4 pixels before restarting the sequence. Componentsubstitution follows what is described in SMPTE ST292 where E_(Y) ₆_(-INT)′ is placed in the Y data segments, E_(Cb-INT)′+E_(Cy-INT)′ isplaced in the Cb data segments, and E_(Cr-INT)′+E_(Cc-INT)′ is placed inthe Cr data segments. The sequence described in the standard is shown asY′00, Y′01, Y′, etc.

FIG. 78 illustrates sample placements of six-primary system componentsfor a 4:2:0 sampling system image. This follows the substitutionsillustrated in FIG. 77, using a 4:2:0 sampling system.

FIG. 79 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 10-bitsix-primary color system in 4:4:4 video. SMPTE ST2110-20 describes theconstruction of each “pgroup”. Normally, six-primary color system dataand/or content would arrive for mapping as non-linear. However, with thepresent system there is no restriction on mapping data and/or content.For 4:4:4, 10-bit video, 15 octets are used and cover 4 pixels beforerestarting the sequence. Non-linear, six-primary color system image dataarrives as G_(INT)′, B_(INT)′, R_(INT)′, M_(INT)′, T_(INT)′, andC_(INT)′. The sequence described in the standard is shown as R0′, G0′,B0′, R1′, G1′, B1′, etc.

FIG. 80 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 12-bitsix-primary color system in 4:4:4 video. For 4:4:4, 12-bit video, 9octets are used and cover 2 pixels before restarting the sequence.Non-linear, six-primary color system image data arrives as G_(INT)′,W_(INT)′, R_(INT)′, M_(INT)′, and C_(INT)′. The sequence described inthe standard is shown as R0′, G0′, B0′, R1′, G1′, B1′, etc.

FIG. 81 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 10-bit sixprimary color system in 4:2:2 video. Components that are delivered to aSMPTE ST2110 pgroup include, but are not limited to, E_(Yrgb-INT)′,E_(Ycym-INT)′, E_(Cb-INT)′, E_(Cr-INT)′, E_(Cy-INT), and E_(Cc-INT)′.For 4:2:2, 10-bit video, 5 octets are used and cover 2 pixels beforerestarting the sequence. For 4:2:2:2, 12-bit video, 6 octets are usedand cover 2 pixels before restarting the sequence. Componentsubstitution follows what is described for SMPTE ST292, whereE_(Yrgb-INT) or E_(Ycym-INT)′ are placed in the Y data segments,E_(Cr-INT)′ or E_(Cc-INT)′ are placed in the Cr data segments, andE_(Cb-INT)′ or E_(Cy-INT)′ are placed in the Cb data segments. Thesequence described in the standard is shown as Cb′0, Y′0, Cr′0, Y′1,Cb′1, Y′2, Cr′1, Y′3, Cb′2, Y′4, Cr′2, etc.

FIG. 82 illustrates modifications to SMPTE ST2110-20 for a 12-bitsix-primary color system in 4:2:0 video. Components that are deliveredto a SMPTE ST2110 pgroup are the same as with the 4:2:2 method. For4:2:0, 10-bit video, 15 octets are used and cover 8 pixels beforerestarting the sequence. For 4:2:0, 12-bit video, 9 octets are used andcover 4 pixels before restarting the sequence. Component substitutionfollows what is described for SMPTE ST292, where E_(Yrgb-INT)′ orE_(Ycym-INT)′ are placed in the Y data segments, E_(Cr-INT)′ orE_(Cc-INT)′ are placed in the Cr data segments, and E_(Cb-INT)′ orE_(Cy-INT)′ are placed in the Cb data segments. The sequence describedin the standard is shown as Y′00, Y′01, Y′, etc.

Table 17 summarizes mapping to SMPTE ST2110 for 4:2:2:2:2 and 4:2:0:2:0sampling for System 1 and Table 18 summaries mapping to SMPTE ST2110 for4:4:4:4:4:4 sampling (linear and non-linear) for System 1.

TABLE 17 Bit Pgroup Y PbPr 6P Sampling Depth Octets Pixels Sample OrderSample Order 4:2:2:2:2  8  4 2 C_(B)′, Y0′, C_(R)′, Y1′ 10  5 2 C_(B)′,Y0′, C_(B)′ + C_(Y)′, Y0′, C_(R)′, Y1′ C_(R)′ + C_(C)′, Y1′ 12  6 2C_(B)′, Y0′, C_(B)′ + C_(Y)′, Y0′, C_(R)′, Y1′ C_(R)′ + C_(C)′, Y1′ 16,16f  8 2 C′_(B), Y′0, C_(B)′ + C_(Y)′, Y0′, C′_(R), Y′1 C_(R)′ + C_(C)′,Y1′ 4:2:0:2:0  8  6 4 Y′00, Y′01, Y′10, Y′11, C_(B)′00, C_(R)′00 10 15 8Y′00, Y′01, Y′00, Y′01, Y′10, Y′11, Y′10, Y′11, C_(B)′00, C_(R)′00C_(B)′00 + C_(Y)′00, Y′02, Y′03, C_(R)′00 + C_(C)′00 Y′12, Y′13, Y′02,Y′03, C_(B)′01, C_(R)′01 Y′12, Y′13, C_(B)′01 + C_(Y)′01, C_(R)′01 +C_(C)′01 12  9 4 Y′00, Y′01, Y′00, Y′01, Y′10, Y′11, Y′10, Y′11,C_(B)′00, C_(R)′00 C_(B)′00 + C_(Y)′00, C_(R)′00 + C_(C)′00

TABLE 18 Bit pgroup RGB 6P Sampling Depth Octets pixels Sample OrderSample Order 4:4:4:4:4:4  8  3 1 R, G, B Linear 10 15 4 R0, G0, B0, R +C0, R1, G1, B1, G + M0, R2, G2, B2 B + Y0, R + C1, G + M1, B + Y1, R +C2, G + M2, B + Y2 12  9 2 R0, G0, B0, R + C0, R1, G1, B1 G + M0, B +Y0, R + C1, G + M1, B + Y1 16, 16f  6 1 R, G, B R + C, G + M, B + Y4:4:4:4:4:4  8  3 1 R′, G′, B′ Non- 10 15 4 R0′, G0′, B0′, R′ + C′0,Linear R1′, G1′, B1′, G′ + M′0, R2′, G2′, B2′ B′ + Y′0, R′ + C′1, G′ +M′1, B′ + Y′1, R′ + C′2, G′ + M′2, B′ + Y′2 12  9 2 R0′, G0′, B0′, R′ +C′0, R1′, G1′, B1′ G′ + M′0, B′ + Y′0, R′ + C′1, G′ + M′1, B′ + Y′1 16,16f  6 1 R′, G′, B′ R′ + C′, G′ + M′, B′ + Y′

Table 19 summarizes mapping to SMPTE ST2110 for 4:2:2:2:2 sampling forSystem 2 and Table 20 summaries mapping to SMPTE ST2110 for 4:4:4:4:4:4sampling (linear and non-linear) for System 2.

TABLE 19 Bit pgroup Y PbPr 6P Sampling Depth octets pixels Sample OrderSample Order 4:2:2:2:2  8  8 2 C_(B)′, Y0′, C_(R)′, C_(B)′, C_(Y)′, Y1′Y_(RGB)0′, C_(R)′, C_(C)′, Y_(CMY)0′ C_(B)′, C_(Y)′, Y_(RGB)1′ 10 10 2C_(B)′, Y0′, C_(R)′, C_(B)′, C_(Y)′, Y1′ Y_(RGB)0′, C_(R)′, C_(C)′,Y_(CMY)0′ C_(B)′, C_(Y)′, Y_(RGB)1′ 12 12 2 C_(B)′, Y0′, C_(R)′, C_(B)′,C_(Y)′, Y1′ Y_(RGB)0′, C_(R)′, C_(C)′, Y_(CMY)0′ C_(B)′, C_(Y)′,Y_(RGB)1′ 16, 16f 16 2 C′_(B), Y′0, C′_(R), C_(B)′, C_(Y)′, Y′1Y_(RGB)0′, C_(R)′, C_(C)′, Y_(CMY)0′ C_(B)′, C_(Y)′, Y_(RGB)1′

TABLE 20 Bit pgroup Sampling Depth octets pixels RGB Sample Order 6PSample Order 4:4:4:4:4:4  8  3 1 R, G, B R, C, G, M, B, Y Linear 10 15 4R0, G0, B0, R1, G1, R0, C0, G0, M0, B0, Y0, R1, C1, G1, B1, R2, G2, B2M1, B1, Y1, R2, C2, G2, M2, B2 + Y2 12  9 2 R0, G0, B0, R1, G1, R0, C0,G0, M0, B0, Y0, R1, C1, G1, B1 M1, B1, Y1 16, 16f  6 1 R, G, B R, C, G,M, B, Y 4:4:4:4:4:4  8  3 1 R′, G′, B′ R′, C′, G′, M′, B′, Y′ Non-Linear10 15 4 R0′, G0′, B0′, R1′, R0′, C0′, G0′, M0′, B0′, Y0′, R1′, C1′, G1′,B1′, R2′, G2′, G1′, M1′, B1′, Y1′, R2′, C2′, G2′, M2′, B2′ B2′ + Y2′ 12 9 2 R0′, G0′, B0′, R1′, R0′, C0′, G0′, M0′, B0′, Y0′, R1′, C1′, G1′,B1′ G1′, M1′, B1′, Y1′ 16, 16f  6 1 R′, G′, B′ R′, C′, G′, M′, B′, Y′

Session Description Protocol (SDP) Modification for a Six-Primary ColorSystem

SDP is derived from IETF RFC 4566 which sets parameters including, butnot limited to, bit depth and sampling parameters. IETF RFC 4566 (2006)is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment,SDP parameters are contained within the RTP payload. In anotherembodiment, SDP parameters are contained within the media format andtransport protocol. This payload information is transmitted as text.Therefore, modifications for the additional sampling identifiersrequires the addition of new parameters for the sampling statement. SDPparameters include, but are not limited to, color channel data, imagedata, framerate data, a sampling standard, a flag indicator, an activepicture size code, a timestamp, a clock frequency, a frame count, ascrambling indicator, and/or a video format indicator. For non-constantluminance imaging, the additional parameters include, but are notlimited to, RGBCMY-4:4:4, YBRCY-4:2:2, and YBRCY-4:2:0. For constantluminance signals, the additional parameters include, but are notlimited to, CLYBRCY-4:2:2 and CLYBRCY-4:2:0.

Additionally, differentiation is included with the colorimetryidentifier in one embodiment. For example, 6PB1 defines 6P with a colorgamut limited to ITU-R BT.709 formatted as System 1, 6PB2 defines 6Pwith a color gamut limited to ITU-R BT.709 formatted as System 2, 6PB3defines 6P with a color gamut limited to ITU-R BT.709 formatted asSystem 3, 6PC1 defines 6P with a color gamut limited to SMPTE RP 431-2formatted as System 1, 6PC2 defines 6P with a color gamut limited toSMPTE RP 431-2 formatted as System 2, 6PC3 defines 6P with a color gamutlimited to SMPTE RP 431-2 formatted as System 3, 6PS1 defines 6P with acolor gamut as Super 6P formatted as System 1, 6PS2 defines 6P with acolor gamut as Super 6P formatted as System 2, and 6PS3 defines 6P witha color gamut as Super 6P formatted as System 3.

Colorimetry can also be defined between a six-primary color system usingthe ITU-R BT.709-6 standard and the SMPTE ST431-2 standard, orcolorimetry can be left defined as is standard for the desired standard.For example, the SDP parameters for a 1920×1080 six-primary color systemusing the ITU-R BT.709-6 standard with a 10-bit signal as System 1 areas follows: m=video 30000 RTP/AVP 112, a=rtpmap:112 raw/90000,a=fmtp:112, sampling=YBRCY-4:2:2, width=1920, height=1080,exactframerate=30000/1001, depth=10, TCS=SDR, colorimetry=6PB1,PM=2110GPM, SSN=ST2110-20:2017.

In one embodiment, the six-primary color system is integrated with aConsumer Technology Association (CTA) 861-based system. CTA-861establishes protocols, requirements, and recommendations for theutilization of uncompressed digital interfaces by consumer electronicsdevices including, but not limited to, digital televisions (DTVs),digital cable, satellite or terrestrial set-top boxes (STBs), andrelated peripheral devices including, but not limited to, DVD playersand/or recorders, and other related Sources or Sinks.

These systems are provided as parallel systems so that video content isparsed across several line pairs. This enables each video component tohave its own transition-minimized differential signaling (TMDS) path.TMDS is a technology for transmitting high-speed serial data and is usedby the Digital Visual Interface (DVI) and High-Definition MultimediaInterface (HDMI) video interfaces, as well as other digitalcommunication interfaces. TMDS is similar to low-voltage differentialsignaling (LVDS) in that it uses differential signaling to reduceelectromagnetic interference (EMI), enabling faster signal transferswith increased accuracy. In addition, TMDS uses a twisted pair for noisereduction, rather than a coaxial cable that is conventional for carryingvideo signals. Similar to LVDS, data is transmitted serially over thedata link. When transmitting video data, and using HDMI, three TMDStwisted pairs are used to transfer video data.

In such a system, each pixel packet is limited to 8 bits only. For bitdepths higher than 8 bits, fragmented packs are used. This arrangementis no different than is already described in the current CTA-861standard.

Based on CTA extension Version 3, identification of a six-primary colortransmission is performed by the sink device (e.g., the monitor). Addingrecognition of the additional formats is flagged in the CTA Data BlockExtended Tag Codes (byte 3). Since codes 33 and above are reserved, anytwo bits could be used to identify that the format is RGB, RGBCMY, Y CbCr, or Y Cb Cr Cc Cy and/or identify System 1 or System 2. Should byte 3define a six-primary sampling format, and where the block 5 extensionidentifies byte 1 as ITU-R BT.709, then logic assigns as 6P-B. However,should byte 4 bit 7 identify colorimetry as DCI-P3, the color gamut isassigned as 6P-C.

In one embodiment, the system alters the Auxiliary Video Information(AVI) Infoframe Data to identify content. AVI Infoframe Data is shown inTable 10 of CTA 861-G. In one embodiment, Y2=1, Y1=0, and Y0=0identifies content as 6P 4:2:0:2:0. In another embodiment, Y2=1, Y1=0,and Y0=1 identifies content as Y Cr Cb Cc Cy. In yet another embodiment,Y2=1, Y1=1, and Y0=0 identifies content as RGBCMY.

Byte 2 C1=1, C0=1 identifies extended colorimetry in Table 11 of CTA861-G. Byte 3 EC2, EC1, EC0 identifies additional colorimetry extensionvalid in Table 13 of CTA 861-G. Table 14 of CTA 861-G reservesadditional extensions. In one embodiment, ACE3=1, ACE2=0, ACE1=0, andACE0=X identifies 6P-B. In one embodiment, ACE3=0, ACE2=1, ACE1=0, andACE0=X identifies 6P-C. In one embodiment, ACE3=0, ACE2=0, ACE1=1, andACE0=X identifies System 1. In one embodiment, ACE3=1, ACE2=1, ACE1=0,and ACE0=X identifies System 2.

FIG. 83 illustrates the current RGB sampling structure for 4:4:4sampling video data transmission. For HDMI 4:4:4 sampling, video data issent through three TMDS line pairs. FIG. 84 illustrates a six-primarycolor sampling structure, RGBCMY, using System 1 for 4:4:4 samplingvideo data transmission. In one embodiment, the six-primary colorsampling structure complies with CTA 861-G, November 2016, ConsumerTechnology Association, which is incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety. FIG. 85 illustrates an example of System 2 to RGBCMY 4:4:4transmission. FIG. 86 illustrates current Y Cb Cr 4:2:2 samplingtransmission as non-constant luminance. FIG. 87 illustrates asix-primary color system (System 1) using Y Cr Cb Cc Cy 4:2:2 samplingtransmission as non-constant luminance. FIG. 88 illustrates an exampleof a System 2 to Y Cr Cb Cc Cy 4:2:2 Transmission as non-constantluminance. In one embodiment, the Y Cr Cb Cc Cy 4:2:2 samplingtransmission complies with CTA 861-G, November 2016, Consumer TechnologyAssociation. FIG. 89 illustrates current Y Cb Cr 4:2:0 samplingtransmission. FIG. 90 illustrates a six-primary color system (System 1)using Y Cr Cb CC CY 4:2:0 sampling transmission.

HDMI sampling systems include Extended Display Identification Data(EDID) metadata. EDID metadata describes the capabilities of a displaydevice to a video source. The data format is defined by a standardpublished by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA). TheEDID data structure includes, but is not limited to, manufacturer nameand serial number, product type, phosphor or filter type, timingssupported by the display, display size, luminance data, and/or pixelmapping data. The EDID data structure is modifiable and modificationrequires no additional hardware and/or tools.

EDID information is transmitted between the source device and thedisplay through a display data channel (DDC), which is a collection ofdigital communication protocols created by VESA. With EDID providing thedisplay information and DDC providing the link between the display andthe source, the two accompanying standards enable an informationexchange between the display and source.

In addition, VESA has assigned extensions for EDID. Such extensionsinclude, but are not limited to, timing extensions (00), additional timedata black (CEA EDID Timing Extension (02)), video timing blockextensions (VTB-EXT (10)), EDID 2.0 extension (20), display informationextension (DI-EXT (40)), localized string extension (LS-EXT (50)),microdisplay interface extension (MI-EXT (60)), display ID extension(70), display transfer characteristics data block (DTCDB (A7, AF, BF)),block map (FO), display device data block (DDDB (FF)), and/or extensiondefined by monitor manufacturer (FF).

In one embodiment, SDP parameters include data corresponding to apayload identification (ID) and/or EDID information.

Multi-Primary Color System Display

FIG. 91 illustrates a dual stack LCD projection system for a six-primarycolor system. In one embodiment, the display is comprised of a dualstack of projectors. This display uses two projectors stacked on top ofone another or placed side by side. Each projector is similar, with theonly difference being the color filters in each unit. Refresh and pixeltimings are synchronized, enabling a mechanical alignment between thetwo units so that each pixel overlays the same position betweenprojector units. In one embodiment, the two projectors areLiquid-Crystal Display (LCD) projectors. In another embodiment, the twoprojectors are Digital Light Processing (DLP) projectors. In yet anotherembodiment, the two projectors are Liquid-Crystal on Silicon (LCOS)projectors. In yet another embodiment, the two projectors areLight-Emitting Diode (LED) projectors.

In one embodiment, the display is comprised of a single projector. Asingle projector six-primary color system requires the addition of asecond cross block assembly for the additional colors. One embodiment ofa single projector (e.g., single LCD projector) is shown in FIG. 92. Asingle projector six-primary color system includes a cyan dichroicmirror, an orange dichroic mirror, a blue dichroic mirror, a reddichroic mirror, and two additional standard mirrors. In one embodiment,the single projector six-primary color system includes at least sixmirrors. In another embodiment, the single projector six-primary colorsystem includes at least two cross block assembly units.

FIG. 93 illustrates a six-primary color system using a single projectorand reciprocal mirrors. In one embodiment, the display is comprised of asingle projector unit working in combination with at first set of atleast six reciprocal mirrors, a second set of at least six reciprocalmirrors, and at least six LCD units. Light from at least one lightsource emits towards the first set of at least six reciprocal mirrors.The first set of at least six reciprocal mirrors reflects light towardsat least one of the at least six LCD units. The at least six LCD unitsinclude, but are not limited to, a Green LCD, a Yellow LCD, a Cyan, LCD,a Red LCD, a Magenta LCD, and/or a Blue LCD. Output from each of the atleast six LCDs is received by the second set of at least six reciprocalmirrors. Output from the second set of at least six reciprocal mirrorsis sent to the single projector unit. Image data output by the singleprojector unit is output as a six-primary color system. In anotherembodiment, there are more than two sets of reciprocal mirrors. Inanother embodiment, more than one projector is used.

In another embodiment, the display is comprised of a dual stack DigitalMicromirror Device (DMD) projector system. FIG. 94 illustrates oneembodiment of a dual stack DMD projector system. In this system, twoprojectors are stacked on top of one another. In one embodiment, thedual stack DMD projector system uses a spinning wheel filter. In anotherembodiment, the dual stack DMD projector system uses phosphortechnology. In one embodiment, the filter systems are illuminated by axenon lamp. In another embodiment, the filter system uses a blue laserilluminator system. Filter systems in one projector are RGB, while thesecond projector uses a CMY filter set. The wheels for each projectorunit are synchronized using at least one of an input video sync or aprojector to projector sync, and timed so that the inverted colors areoutput of each projector at the same time.

In one embodiment, the projectors are phosphor wheel systems. A yellowphosphor wheel spins in time with a DMD imager to output sequential RG.The second projector is designed the same, but uses a cyan phosphorwheel. The output from this projector becomes sequential BG. Combined,the output of both projectors is YRGGCB. Magenta is developed bysynchronizing the yellow and cyan wheels to overlap the flashing DMD.

In another embodiment, the display is a single DMD projector solution. Asingle DMD device is coupled with an RGB diode light source system. Inone embodiment, the DMD projector uses LED diodes. In one embodiment,the DMD projector includes CMY diodes. In another embodiment, the DMDprojector creates CMY primaries using a double flashing technique. FIG.95 illustrates one embodiment of a single DMD projector solution.

FIG. 96 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system using awhite OLED display. In yet another embodiment, the display is a whiteOLED monitor. Current emissive monitor and/or television designs use awhite emissive OLED array covered by a color filter. Changes to thistype of display only require a change to pixel indexing and new sixcolor primary filters. Different color filter arrays are used, placingeach subpixel in a position that provides the least light restrictions,color accuracy, and off axis display.

FIG. 97 illustrates one embodiment of an optical filter array for awhite OLED display.

FIG. 98 illustrates one embodiment of a matrix of an LCD drive for asix-primary color system with a backlight illuminated LCD monitor. Inyet another embodiment, the display is a backlight illuminated LCDdisplay. The design of an LCD display involves adding the CMY subpixels.Drives for these subpixels are similar to the RGB matrix drives. Withthe advent of 8K LCD televisions, it is technically feasible to changethe matrix drive and optical filter and have a 4K six-primary color TV.

FIG. 99 illustrates one embodiment of an optical filter array for asix-primary color system with a backlight illuminated LCD monitor. Theoptical filter array includes the additional CMY subpixels.

In yet another embodiment, the display is a direct emissive assembleddisplay. The design for a direct emissive assembled display includes amatrix of color emitters grouped as a six-color system. Individualchannel inputs drive each Quantum Dot (QD) element illuminator and/ormicro LED element.

FIG. 100 illustrates an array for a Quantum Dot (QD) display device.

FIG. 101 illustrates one embodiment of an array for a six-primary colorsystem for use with a direct emissive assembled display.

FIG. 102 illustrates one embodiment of a six-primary color system in anemissive display that does not incorporate color filtered subpixels. ForLCD and WOLED displays, this can be modified for a six-primary colorsystem by expanding the RGB or WRGB filter arrangement to an RGBCMYmatrix. For WRGB systems, the white subpixel could be removed as theluminance of the three additional primaries will replace it. SDI videois input through an SDI decoder. In one embodiment, the SDI decoderoutputs to a Y CrCbCcCy-RGBCMY converter. The converter outputs RGBCMYdata, with the luminance component (Y) subtracted. RGBCMY data is thenconverted to RGB data. This RGB data is sent to a scale sync generationcomponent, receives adjustments to image controls, contrast, brightness,chroma, and saturation, is sent to a color correction component, andoutput to the display panel as LVDS data. In another embodiment the SDIdecoder outputs to an SDI Y-R switch component. The SDI Y-R switchcomponent outputs RGBCMY data. The RGBCMY data is sent to a scale syncgeneration component, receives adjustments to image controls, contrast,brightness, chroma, and saturation, is sent to a color correctioncomponent, and output to a display panel as LVDS data.

Single Device Image Capture and Display

In one embodiment, the present invention includes a device wherein thedevice is operable to acquire image data, process image data, and/ordisplay image data. The device includes, but is not limited to, a camera(e.g., digital video camera, still camera), a mobile device (e.g., asmartphone), a tablet, a computer (e.g., desktop computer, laptopcomputer), a monitor, a wearable device, a personal digital assistant(PDA), an electronic book reader, a digital media player, a video gamingdevice, a video teleconferencing device, a video streaming device,and/or an augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR) device (e.g., aheadset, a pair of goggles, smart lenses). The device does not requiretransport of data between separate components via a wireless connection.Additionally, the device does not require transport of data over longerwired and/or cable connections (e.g., HDMI cables, SDI cables).Advantageously, wired connections of the device (e.g., solderedconnections) are operable to be shorter because the wired connectionsare within a single device. Thus, the device streamlines the process ofacquiring and displaying image data.

In one embodiment, the device includes at least one imager for acquiringimage data. The at least one imager preferably includes at least onelens and at least one image sensor (e.g., a camera, a video camera, acamcorder, a slow-motion camera, and/or a high-speed camera).Charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors, complementarymetal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors (e.g., active-pixelsensors (APS), hybrid CCD/CMOS image sensors, n-typemetal-oxide-semiconductor (NMOS) image sensors, and quanta image sensorsare compatible with the present invention. In one embodiment, the atleast one imager is a single imager with a striped filter system.Alternatively, the at least one imager includes a red imager, a greenimager, and a blue imager. The at least one lens directs light towardsthe at least one image sensor. The at least one lens includes, but isnot limited to, at least one convex lens and/or at least one concavelens. In one embodiment, the at least one image sensor is a wide gamutimage sensor, e.g., a wide gamut camera. In one embodiment, the at leastone image sensor is a single-pixel image sensor. In one embodiment, theat least one image sensor does not include a detector array. In oneembodiment, the at least one image sensor is a plurality of imagesensors. In one embodiment, one or more of the at least one imager isinterchangeable such that the device is compatible with a plurality ofimagers. Advantageously, this modular design enables the at least oneimager to be upgraded or swapped out depending on varying imageacquisition needs and/or technological developments.

In one embodiment, the at least one imager includes a plurality oflenses for a plurality of image sensors. In one embodiment, theplurality of lenses creates different focal lengths for each of theplurality of image sensors. In one embodiment, the device is operable tochange the focal lengths, e.g., by zooming. Alternatively, the device isoperable to interpolate signals from the plurality of image sensors withdifferent focal lengths to create hybrid sensor data. The device isoperable to combine sensor data from each of the plurality of imagesensors into a single set of image data. In one embodiment, the deviceincludes a stabilizer, e.g., a gyroscope system, an electronicstabilization system. The at least one imager is preferably located onthe stabilizer and the stabilizer moves the at least one imager tocounteract movements that would result in blurry images. In oneembodiment, the at least one imager includes a lens mount, e.g., a screwmount, a bayonet mount, a breech lock, a tab lock, a double bayonet, Z,X, Electro-Focus (EF), EF-M, EF-S, AF, E, L, RF, G, M, SA, A, K, F, S,PL, T, C, H, and/or 645 mounts.

In one embodiment, the at least one imager includes at least one filter(e.g., optical filter). In one embodiment, the at least one filter isoverlaid atop a photosite on the at least one image sensor. In oneembodiment, the at least one filter is an absorptive filter.Alternatively, the at least one filter is an interference filter or adichroic filter. In one embodiment, the at least one filter has at leastone cut-off wavelength and passes or blocks light based on the at leastone cut-off wavelength (e.g., a long-pass filter, a short-pass filter, abandpass filter, a multi-bandpass filter, a notch filter). In analternative embodiment, the at least one filter modifies the intensityof all wavelengths equally, e.g., a neutral density filter. In oneembodiment, the at least one filter includes at least one color filterarray, e.g., a Bayer filter, a Quad Bayer filter, a diamond patterncolor filter array, a Yamanaka color filter array, a vertical stripecolor filter array, a diagonal stripe color filter array, apseudo-random color filter array, and/or a human visual system-basedcolor filter array. Filter colors compatible with the present inventioninclude, but are not limited to, RGB, CYGM, RGBE (red, green, blue,emerald), and/or CMY. The at least one filter is operable to bemodified. As a non-limiting example, a Bayer filter is modified toinclude a magenta filter. Alternatively, the size of the elements in theBayer filter are adjusted to increase sensitivity of the at least oneimage sensor. In yet another alternative embodiment, one or more of theat least one filter is operable to be rotated. In one embodiment, the atleast one filter includes a plurality of filter layers. In oneembodiment, the at least one filter includes at least one filter forlight outside of the visible wavelength range, e.g., ultraviolet (UV)filters, infrared (IR) filters. In one embodiment, the device isoperable to convert light captured through non-visible wavelengthfilters into visible light for visual effects such as UV/blacklightsimulation. The at least one filter includes any number of colorfilters. In one embodiment, the at least one filter includes inversecolors to increase a sensitivity of the at least one imager.

Single Device Acquisition

In one embodiment, the device is operable to acquire raw image data as araw image file. A raw image file is considered unprocessed and thuscannot be edited or printed. Raw image files include image data as wellas metadata and a header. The metadata includes, but is not limited to,image sensor parameters, imager parameters, timecodes, frame data, HDRmetadata, colorimetric metadata, an aspect ratio, dimensions (e.g.,pixel dimensions), and/or lens information (e.g., a focal length, anaperture, a shutter speed, an exposure time, a sensitivity, a whitebalance). Raw image formats include, but are not limited to, DigitalNegative Raw (DNG), ISO 12234-2 (TIFF/EP), NIKON NEF, CANON Raw v2(CR2), CR3, and/or REDCODE Raw (R3D) files. In one embodiment, thedevice is operable to store the raw image file before processing. Thedevice is then operable to render the raw image data into rendered imagedata, wherein the rendered image data is operable to be viewed and/oredited. Rendering includes, but is not limited to, decoding, demosaicing(e.g., removing the effects of a Bayer filter), pixel removal (e.g., ofdefective pixels), interpolation (e.g., to replace removed pixels),white balancing, noise reduction, color translation, tone reproduction,optical correction, contrast manipulation, resizing, splitting,cropping, and/or compression. Alternatively, the device does notcompress the raw image data. In one embodiment, the device is operableto render the image data as a pipeline process, wherein each step isperformed in succession. The order of the steps is operable to bechanged. Alternatively, the device is operable to render the image datain parallel steps. In yet another alternative embodiment, the device isoperable to render the image data by solving a single optimizationproblem. The device is operable to save image prior data and/or imagevariation data and use the image prior data and/or the image variationdata in rendering, processing, and/or displaying the image data.

In one embodiment, an acquisition color gamut is identical to a displaycolor gamut. In one embodiment, both the acquisition color gamut and thedisplay color gamut are expanded color gamuts and/or include at leastfour primaries, e.g., 6P-B, 6P-C. Alternatively, the display color gamut(e.g., RGBCMY) has a larger volume than the acquisition color gamut(e.g., RGB). In yet another alternative embodiment, the display colorgamut (e.g., RGB) has a smaller volume than the acquisition color gamut(e.g., RGBCMY). The device is preferably operable to convert image datafrom the acquisition color gamut to the display color gamut.

In one embodiment, rendering includes converting the raw image data intoa color space, e.g., CIE 1931, ITU-R BT.2020. In a preferred embodiment,the device is operable to render the image data in a three-coordinateformat wherein a first coordinate is a luminance or a luma value and asecond and third coordinate are both colorimetric (chroma). As anon-limiting example, the three-coordinate format is Yxy, wherein Y is aluminance coordinate and wherein x and y are orthogonal colorimetriccoordinates. The device is also operable to apply a transformation(e.g., a gamma compression) to the luminance coordinate to create a lumacoordinate (e.g., Y′). Relative luminance values are also compatible.Alternative three-coordinate formats include, but are not limited to,L*a*b*, ICtCp, YCbCr, YUV, Yu′v′, YPbPr, and/or YIQ. Alternatively, thedevice is operable to render the image data as XYZ data. In oneembodiment, the device includes a user interface for accepting userinput. In one embodiment, the raw image data is rendered based on theuser input. In one embodiment, the device is operable to apply anopto-electronic transfer function (OETF) and an electro-optical transferfunction (EOTF) to the image data. Alternatively, the device is operableto apply at least one non-linear function (e.g., an OOTF) to the imagedata. In one embodiment, the device includes at least one look-up table(LUT). The LUT is operable to be implemented in hardware (e.g., in anFPGA) and/or in software. In one embodiment, rendering includescompressing the image data, e.g., using 4:2:2 sampling, 4:2:0 sampling.In one embodiment, rendering includes applying color gamut constraintsfor a target color gamut. Alternatively, the image data is notcompressed (4:4:4 sampling).

In one embodiment, rendering further includes HDR processing to create alarger visible range of luminance in image data. Displaying HDR imagestypically requires application of at least one transfer function, e.g.,PQ, hybrid log-gamma (HLG). In one embodiment, the device includes aPQ-compatible display and/or an HLG-compatible display to display HDRimage data with the at least one transfer function applied. In oneembodiment, the device is further operable to apply at least one tonemapping curve to image data, e.g., an S-curve, to preserve highlight andshadow detail. In one embodiment, the metadata includes informationabout the at least one transfer function and/or the at least one tonemapping curve.

Single Device Processing

In one embodiment, the device is further able to process and/ortransform the rendered image data. In one embodiment, the deviceincludes the encoder and the decoder of the present invention in asingle unit. In one embodiment, the device is operable to storeprocessed image data that is sent from the encoder to the decoder beforethe processed image data is decoded. Because the encoder and the decoderare located in the same device, data is transmitted between the encoderand the decoder over a wired connection. The wired connection does notrequire internet connectivity, BLUETOOTH, or any other type of wirelessconnection. Advantageously, storing data in intermediate formats createsbackup data that is operable to be used in case of corrupted or lostimage data. Alternatively, the device is operable to bypass encodingand/or decoding steps because the same device is operable for both imageacquisition and image display. For example, the device does not encodethe image data as an HDMI input and then decode the HDMI input with anHDMI receiver circuit because HDMI connection is not necessary fordisplaying the image data. In an alternative embodiment, the device isoperable to encode the image data for display on an additional displaydevice separate from the device in addition to displaying the image dataon the display screen. Advantageously, in one embodiment, a bit depth ofthe image data is kept the same in the device throughout each step fromacquisition to display.

In one embodiment, the device is operable to process and/or transformthe image data internally, e.g., with an embedded ARM (advanced RISC(reduced instruction set computing) machine) processor. Alternatively,the device is operable for remote image processing. For example, thedevice is in network communication with a platform wherein the device isoperable to send image data to the platform and receive image data fromthe platform. The platform is operable to process the image data. In oneembodiment, the platform is hosted on a server, e.g., a cloud-basedserver, a server hosted on a distributed edge network. Alternatively,the device is operable for wired communication with an externalprocessor (e.g., a computer, a tablet) for image processing. In oneembodiment, the device further includes a user interface, wherein theuser interface is operable to accept user input to edit the image data,e.g., a brightness, a saturation, a contrast. In one embodiment, thedevice is operable to edit the image data for a specific feature, e.g.,skin tone correction.

In one embodiment, the device is operable to subsample the image datafor display. Advantageously, storing and processing the image data in athree-coordinate system such as Yxy allows the chromaticity coordinatesto be subsampled for display without affecting perception. Asnon-limiting examples, 4:2:2, 4:2:0, and 4:1:1 subsampling arecompatible with the present invention. Alternatively, the image data isfully sampled. In one embodiment, the device is operable to decompresscompressed image data.

In one embodiment, processing the image data for display includesapplying color matching functions (CMFs). CMFs describe the chromaticresponse of the human eye using three functions of wavelength x(λ),y(λ), z(λ). While CIE 1931 CMFs are commonly used, modifications to CIE1931 CMFs including, but not limited to, Judd in 1951, Vos in 1978,Stiles and Burch in 1959, Stockman and Sharpe (Sharpe, L. T., Stockman,A., Jagla, W., Jägle, H. 2011. A luminous efficiency function, V*D65(λ),for daylight adaptation: A correction. Color Research and Application,36, 42-46), the CIE 10-degree CMFs in 1964, CIE S 014 published in 2006,CIE 170-1:2006 published in 2006, the CIE 2-degree XYZ CMFs published in2012, and/or CIE 170-2:2015 published in 2015 are also compatible withthe present invention. Each of these publications, which describemodifications to the CIE 1931 CMF based on a colorimetric observer, isincorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Modifications to theCIE 1931 CMFs address deviations from the linear mapping between XYZ andlong medium short (LMS) color space, which represents human cone cellresponse to long, medium, and short wavelengths of visible light. Thesedeviations from the original mapping are especially present in the bluecolor region. See also, e.g., CIE Proceedings (1964) Vienna Session,1963, Vol. B, pp. 209-220 (Committee Report E-1.4.1), Bureau Central dela CIE, Paris; Speranskaya, N. I. (1959). Determination of spectrumcolor co-ordinates for twenty-seven normal observers. Optics andSpectroscopy, 7, 424-428; Stiles, W. S., & Burch, J. M. (1959) NPLcolour-matching investigation: Final report. Optica Acta, 6, 1-26;Wyszecki, G., & Stiles, W. S. (1982). Color Science: concepts andmethods, quantitative data and formulae. (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley;CIE. (1932). Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage Proceedings, 1931.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Stockman, A., Sharpe, L. T., &Fach, C. C. (1999). The spectral sensitivity of the humanshort-wavelength cones. Vision Research, 39, 2901-2927; Stockman, A., &Sharpe, L. T. (2000). Spectral sensitivities of the middle- andlong-wavelength sensitive cones derived from measurements in observersof known genotype. Vision Research, 40, 1711-1737; Sharpe, L. T.,Stockman, A., Jagla, W. & Jägle, H.(2005). A luminous efficiencyfunction, V*(λ), for daylight adaptation. Journal of Vision, 5, 948-968;CIE (2006). Fundamental chromaticity diagram with physiological axes.Parts 1 and 2. Technical Report 170-1. Vienna: Central Bureau of theCommission Internationale de l'Éclairage; Judd, D. B. (1951). Report ofU.S. Secretariat Committee on Colorimetry and Artificial Daylight,Proceedings of the Twelfth Session of the CIE, Stockholm (pp. 11) Paris:Bureau Central de la CIE; and Vos, J. J. (1978). Colorimetric andphotometric properties of a 2-deg fundamental observer. Color Researchand Application, 3, 125-128, each of which is incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

Single Device Display

In one embodiment, the device further includes a display. The display ispreferably operable to display image data using greater than threeprimaries. In one embodiment, the display is operable to display colorsoutside of an ITU-R BT.2020 color gamut. In one embodiment, the displayis operable to display at least 80% of a total area covered by theCIE-1931 color space. In one embodiment, the display is as described inU.S. Pat. No. 11,030,934, filed Oct. 1, 2020 and issued Jun. 8, 2021,which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In oneembodiment, the display is a screen, e.g., a liquid crystal display(LCD) screen, a light-emitting diode (LED) screen, an LED-backlitscreen, an organic LED (OLED) screen, an active matrix OLED (AMOLED)screen, a quantum dot (QD) display, an LCD display using QD backlight, aperovskite display, and/or a laser display (e.g., using discretemodulation, grating modulation). In an alternative embodiment, thedisplay includes at least one projector. The device is operable todisplay the image data after it has been acquired, rendered, and/orprocessed by the device. Additionally or alternatively, the device isoperable to receive image data for display from an external source. Inanother embodiment, the display includes a plurality of display devices(e.g., screens, projectors).

In one embodiment, the device is operable to modify display parametersof the image data, including, but not limited to, a gamut, a frame rate,a sampling rate, an aspect ratio, a data format, metadata, and/or SDPparameters. In one embodiment, the display of the device isinterchangeable. In one embodiment, the device is also operable toproject the image data onto a second display wherein the second displayis separate from the device. For example, the device is operable to castthe image data onto a second display wherein the second display mirrorsthe display of the device (e.g., via a wireless or wired connection).Alternatively, the second display extends the first display. The deviceis further operable to optimize the image data for display on the seconddisplay, e.g., by applying a tone curve, changing a resolution, changinga color space of the image data.

FIG. 109 is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the inventionillustrating a computer system, generally described as 800, having anetwork 810, a plurality of computing devices 820, 830, 840, a server850, and a database 870.

The server 850 is constructed, configured, and coupled to enablecommunication over a network 810 with a plurality of computing devices820, 830, 840. The server 850 includes a processing unit 851 with anoperating system 852. The operating system 852 enables the server 850 tocommunicate through network 810 with the remote, distributed userdevices. Database 870 may house an operating system 872, memory 874, andprograms 876.

In one embodiment of the invention, the system 800 includes a network810 for distributed communication via a wireless communication antenna812 and processing by at least one mobile communication computing device830. Alternatively, wireless and wired communication and connectivitybetween devices and components described herein include wireless networkcommunication such as WI-FI, WORLDWIDE INTEROPERABILITY FOR MICROWAVEACCESS (WIMAX), Radio Frequency (RF) communication including RFidentification (RFID), NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION (NFC), BLUETOOTHincluding BLUETOOTH LOW ENERGY (BLE), ZIGBEE, Infrared (IR)communication, cellular communication, satellite communication,Universal Serial Bus (USB), Ethernet communications, communication viafiber-optic cables, coaxial cables, twisted pair cables, and/or anyother type of wireless or wired communication. In another embodiment ofthe invention, the system 800 is a virtualized computing system capableof executing any or all aspects of software and/or applicationcomponents presented herein on the computing devices 820, 830, 840. Incertain aspects, the computer system 800 may be implemented usinghardware or a combination of software and hardware, either in adedicated computing device, or integrated into another entity, ordistributed across multiple entities or computing devices.

By way of example, and not limitation, the computing devices 820, 830,840 are intended to represent various forms of electronic devicesincluding at least a processor and a memory, such as a server, bladeserver, mainframe, mobile phone, personal digital assistant (PDA),smartphone, desktop computer, notebook computer, tablet computer,workstation, laptop, and other similar computing devices. The componentsshown here, their connections and relationships, and their functions,are meant to be exemplary only, and are not meant to limitimplementations of the invention described and/or claimed in the presentapplication.

In one embodiment, the computing device 820 includes components such asa processor 860, a system memory 862 having a random access memory (RAM)864 and a read-only memory (ROM) 866, and a system bus 868 that couplesthe memory 862 to the processor 860. In another embodiment, thecomputing device 830 may additionally include components such as astorage device 890 for storing the operating system 892 and one or moreapplication programs 894, a network interface unit 896, and/or aninput/output controller 898. Each of the components may be coupled toeach other through at least one bus 868. The input/output controller 898may receive and process input from, or provide output to, a number ofother devices 899, including, but not limited to, alphanumeric inputdevices, mice, electronic styluses, display units, touch screens, signalgeneration devices (e.g., speakers), or printers.

By way of example, and not limitation, the processor 860 may be ageneral-purpose microprocessor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU)),a graphics processing unit (GPU), a microcontroller, a Digital SignalProcessor (DSP), an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), aField Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), a Programmable Logic Device (PLD),a controller, a state machine, gated or transistor logic, discretehardware components, or any other suitable entity or combinationsthereof that can perform calculations, process instructions forexecution, and/or other manipulations of information.

In another implementation, shown as 840 in FIG. 109 multiple processors860 and/or multiple buses 868 may be used, as appropriate, along withmultiple memories 862 of multiple types (e.g., a combination of a DSPand a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or moremicroprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core).

Also, multiple computing devices may be connected, with each deviceproviding portions of the necessary operations (e.g., a server bank, agroup of blade servers, or a multi-processor system). Alternatively,some steps or methods may be performed by circuitry that is specific toa given function.

According to various embodiments, the computer system 800 may operate ina networked environment using logical connections to local and/or remotecomputing devices 820, 830, 840 through a network 810. A computingdevice 830 may connect to a network 810 through a network interface unit896 connected to a bus 868. Computing devices may communicatecommunication media through wired networks, direct-wired connections orwirelessly, such as acoustic, RF, or infrared, through an antenna 897 incommunication with the network antenna 812 and the network interfaceunit 896, which may include digital signal processing circuitry whennecessary. The network interface unit 896 may provide for communicationsunder various modes or protocols.

In one or more exemplary aspects, the instructions may be implemented inhardware, software, firmware, or any combinations thereof. A computerreadable medium may provide volatile or non-volatile storage for one ormore sets of instructions, such as operating systems, data structures,program modules, applications, or other data embodying any one or moreof the methodologies or functions described herein. The computerreadable medium may include the memory 862, the processor 860, and/orthe storage media 890 and may be a single medium or multiple media(e.g., a centralized or distributed computer system) that store the oneor more sets of instructions 900. Non-transitory computer readable mediaincludes all computer readable media, with the sole exception being atransitory, propagating signal per se. The instructions 900 may furtherbe transmitted or received over the network 810 via the networkinterface unit 896 as communication media, which may include a modulateddata signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism andincludes any deliver media. The term “modulated data signal” means asignal that has one or more of its characteristics changed or set in amanner as to encode information in the signal.

Storage devices 890 and memory 862 include, but are not limited to,volatile and non-volatile media such as cache, RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM,FLASH memory, or other solid state memory technology, discs (e.g.,digital versatile discs (DVD), HD-DVD, BLU-RAY, compact disc (CD), orCD-ROM) or other optical storage; magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape,magnetic disk storage, floppy disks, or other magnetic storage devices;or any other medium that can be used to store the computer readableinstructions and which can be accessed by the computer system 800.

In one embodiment, the computer system 800 is within a cloud-basednetwork. In one embodiment, the server 850 is a designated physicalserver for distributed computing devices 820, 830, and 840. In oneembodiment, the server 850 is a cloud-based server platform. In oneembodiment, the cloud-based server platform hosts serverless functionsfor distributed computing devices 820, 830, and 840.

In another embodiment, the computer system 800 is within an edgecomputing network. The server 850 is an edge server, and the database870 is an edge database. The edge server 850 and the edge database 870are part of an edge computing platform. In one embodiment, the edgeserver 850 and the edge database 870 are designated to distributedcomputing devices 820, 830, and 840. In one embodiment, the edge server850 and the edge database 870 are not designated for computing devices820, 830, and 840. The distributed computing devices 820, 830, and 840are connected to an edge server in the edge computing network based onproximity, availability, latency, bandwidth, and/or other factors.

It is also contemplated that the computer system 800 may not include allof the components shown in FIG. 109 may include other components thatare not explicitly shown in FIG. 109 or may utilize an architecturecompletely different than that shown in FIG. 109. The variousillustrative logical blocks, modules, elements, circuits, and algorithmsdescribed in connection with the embodiments discussed herein may beimplemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinationsof both. To clearly illustrate the interchangeability of hardware andsoftware, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits,and steps have been described above generally in terms of theirfunctionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware orsoftware depends upon the particular application and design constraintsimposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement thedescribed functionality in varying ways for each particular application(e.g., arranged in a different order or positioned in a different way),but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing adeparture from the scope of the present invention.

The above-mentioned examples are provided to serve the purpose ofclarifying the aspects of the invention, and it will be apparent to oneskilled in the art that they do not serve to limit the scope of theinvention. By nature, this invention is highly adjustable, customizableand adaptable. The above-mentioned examples are just some of the manyconfigurations that the mentioned components can take on. Allmodifications and improvements have been deleted herein for the sake ofconciseness and readability but are properly within the scope of thepresent invention.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A system for displaying image data,comprising: at least one imaging system including at least one imagesensor; an image data converter, wherein the image data converterincludes a digital interface; and a display system; wherein the at leastone imaging system and the image data converter are in communication;wherein the image data converter and the display system are incommunication; wherein the at least one imaging system is operable toacquire image sensor data; wherein the image data converter is operableto render the image sensor data, thereby creating the image data;wherein the image data includes a luminance and two colorimetriccoordinates, and wherein the two colorimetric coordinates areindependent from the luminance; wherein the image data converter isoperable to apply at least one non-linear transfer function to theluminance, thereby creating a luma; wherein the image data converter isoperable to convert the set of image data for display on the displaysystem; and wherein the display system is operable to display the imagedata.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one imaging systemincludes at least one lens.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the atleast one imaging system includes at least one filter.
 4. The system ofclaim 3, wherein the at least one filter includes a Bayer patternoptical filter.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the image sensor datais raw image sensor data.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the imagedata converter is operable to create image prior data.
 7. The system ofclaim 1, wherein the image data converter is operable to convert theimage data to a plurality of color gamuts.
 8. The system of claim 1,wherein the at least one non-linear function includes at least one of agamma function, a log function, a perceptual quantizer (PQ) function,and/or an opto-optical transfer function (OOTF).
 9. The system of claim1, wherein the image data converter includes a look-up table.
 10. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein the image data converter is operable toencode and decode the image data.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein theimage data converter is operable to subsample at least one of the twocolorimetric coordinates.
 12. The system of claim 1, wherein the atleast one imaging system, the image data converter, and the displaysystem are included in a single device.
 13. The system of claim 12,wherein the single device is a camera, a mobile device, a smartphone, atablet, a computer, a monitor, a personal digital assistant (PDA), anelectronic book reader, a digital media player, a video gaming device, avideo teleconferencing device, a video streaming device, a wearabledevice, and/or an augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR) device. 14.The system of claim 1, wherein the image data corresponds to an image,and wherein the image includes colors outside of an InternationalTelecommunication Union Recommendation (ITU-R) BT.2020 color gamut. 15.An apparatus for displaying image data, comprising: at least one imagingsystem including at least one image sensor; an image data converter,wherein the image data converter includes a digital interface; and adisplay system; wherein the at least one imaging system and the imagedata converter are in wired communication; wherein the image dataconverter and the display system are in wired communication; wherein theat least one imaging system is operable to acquire image sensor data;wherein the image data converter is operable to render the image sensordata, thereby creating the image data; wherein the image data includes aluminance and two colorimetric coordinates, and wherein the twocolorimetric coordinates are independent from the luminance; wherein theimage data converter is operable to apply at least one non-lineartransfer function to the luminance, thereby creating a luma; wherein theimage data converter is operable to convert the image data for displayon the display system; and wherein the display system is operable todisplay the image data.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein thedisplay system is operable to display at least 80% of a total areacovered between about 400 nanometers and about 700 nanometers by anInternational Commission on Illumination (CIE) 1931 color space.
 17. Theapparatus of claim 15, wherein the apparatus is a camera, a mobiledevice, a smartphone, a tablet, a computer, a monitor, a personaldigital assistant (PDA), an electronic book reader, a digital mediaplayer, a video gaming device, a video teleconferencing device, a videostreaming device, a wearable device, and/or an augmented reality/virtualreality (AR/VR) device.
 18. A method for displaying image data,comprising: at least one imaging system acquiring image sensor data;wherein the at least one imaging system includes at least one imagesensor; an image data converter rendering the image sensor data, therebycreating the image data; the image data including a luminance and twocolorimetric coordinates, wherein the two colorimetric coordinates areindependent from the luminance; the image data converter applying atleast one non-linear transfer function to the luminance, therebycreating a luma; the image data converter converting the image data fordisplay on a display system; and the display system displaying the imagedata; wherein the at least one imaging system and the image dataconverter are in wired communication; and wherein the image dataconverter and the display system are in wired communication.
 19. Themethod of claim 18, wherein the at least one imaging system, the imagedata converter, and the display system are included in a single device,wherein the single device is a camera, a mobile device, a smartphone, atablet, a computer, a monitor, a personal digital assistant (PDA), anelectronic book reader, a digital media player, a video gaming device, avideo teleconferencing device, a video streaming device, a wearabledevice, and/or an augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR) device. 20.The method of claim 18, further comprising the image data convertercreating image prior data.